Colman’s Extreme Hazards Library

Sol–Earth Colman’s Extreme Hazards List Alphabetical Index (beta)

WebPage – The Rough Guide – 1 says what was that 2 ducks 3 says the next ones coming 4 is still digging – is the food/water safe? – CBRN Defence Instr Cse (3 weeks) and I’m still reading.

Started T02023_OCT updated T02024_NOV

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

What’s a word for Level 6-10 Hurricanes?
XIND? As in “This is the End, my only friend, the End.” (The Doors)
“Oh, he’s a bit Xindy?” “Four (4) million years, we’re still going strong.” Colman Why is the first Catastrophic? Because being above the stratosphere “might” save you?
Mars or Bust !!!
Venus is warmer and wetter, this time of the Epoch? It’s under a bit of pressure though?
Stan’s last gifts? Flying cities and Shield? Might work on that?
You know he published Star TrekTM as a comic book?
Yes, when all was lost and the series cancelled, Stan Lee saved the day.

And “Pollution” with War, Famine and Disease? Really? Well, that was a Terry Pratchett idea, I don’t think the publisher would let an asteroid impact be anthropomorphised. And he was rather presumptive about removing disease, Covid-19 etc.? Wooh there, that word’s bigger than marmalade.

Sol–Earth Extreme Hazards List
( Alphabetical Index )
I suggest TiiiT TiiiT TiiiT -***- -***- -***-
because — *** — SOS just doesn’t cover it
Pan Pan Pan or XXX is another “small emergency” code.

actually XXX is -**- -**- -**- . Really? Oh? OK. – – – **** – – – -*- (Not a Martian joke?)

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Asteroid impact (LARGE 4-5)

GBR_T02024_SEP_05 DailyMail Revealed: The 6 catastrophic asteroids on course to crash into Earth – as a ‘surprise’ space rock burns up over the Philippines

T~MYA0060-0070 DOTTIE Armageddon – I wanna name her Dottie, after my wife She’s a vicious life sucking bitch from which there is no escape.
Instagram astro.alexandra Description of the Chicxulub asteroid “This was 10 km accross, that’s taller than Mount Everest.”
In Ireland we’d say, “That’s a Two Hammer Problem.” Well, let’s compromise, two nails and one hammer? No, two hammers, and a fist full of nails. Armageddon (movie_1998) IMDb Wiki

USA_NASA_T02001_DEC_03 Deep Impact and the Mass Extinction of Species 65 Million Years Ago
Deep Impact (movie_1988) IMDb Wiki
Fire & Ice: The Nuclear Winter (book_1985JAN01) sales – Amazon  Michael Rowan-Robinson (Author)

The crater was discovered by Antonio Camargo and Glen Penfield, geophysicists who had been looking for petroleum in the Yucatán Peninsula during the late 1970s. Penfield was initially unable to obtain evidence that the geological feature was a crater and gave up his search. Later, through contact with Alan R. Hildebrand in 1990, Penfield obtained samples that suggested it was an impact feature. Evidence for the crater’s impact origin includes shocked quartz, a gravity anomaly, and tektites in surrounding areas. Wiki seen T02024

Chicxulub crater Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico (Wikipedia) “A 2013 study published in Science estimated the age of the impact as 66,043,000 ± 11,000 years ago (± 43,000 years ago considering systematic error), based on multiple lines of evidence, including argon–argon dating of tektites from Haiti and bentonite horizons overlying the impact horizon in northeastern Montana, United States.”

Washington Post Asteroid that wiped out dinosaurs triggered ‘megatsunami,’ with mile-high waves “66 million years ago” By Matthew Cappucci October 19, 2022 at 4:18 p.m. EDT “the entire asteroid probably weighed about two quadrillion pounds” — that’s a 2 followed by 15 zeros.” “Matthew Cappucci is a meteorologist for Capital Weather Gang. He earned a B.A. in atmospheric sciences from Harvard University in 2019.”

Colman’s Comment: Divide by 2.2 to get kilos, they calculated used metric tonnes. That’s a 1 followed by 12 zeros tonnes – 1,000,000,000,000 tonnes. One million MegaTonnes of Water. Why water? Well, if it had been rock, we’d still be swimming around as little one celled creatures and there wouldn’t be much conversation. 152 Billion Tonnes of Fresh Water Released Into Ocean by Mega Iceberg https://www.technologynetworks.com/ News   Published: January 21, 2022  Original story from the University of Leeds That’s 1/6 of the amount of water, however the asteroid (comet?) was travelling very, very fast. The cataclysm that killed the dinosaurs The Harvard Gazette By Juan Siliezar Harvard Staff Writer February 15, 2021. It’s a comet according to their new theory. Why? Because they worked out that the Iridium was from… And the amount of dirt thrown up by a lumpy rock hitting would have…

Comet S 2 MailOnline T02024_10_21 

Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (formally designated D/1993 F2) was a comet that broke apart in July 1992 and collided with Jupiter in July 1994, providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects. Wikipedia – Comet_Shoemaker-Levy_9
Science at NASA Explanatory Video for children and politicians Why? Colman’s Comment In reality, “impressive” is slightly an understatement – absolutely feicin’ terrifying is closer to the truth.

T02025 Comet 3 i Astra

Catastrophic Immediate
Climate Change

T02019_APR_05 Astronomy_com Snowball Earth: The times our planet was covered in ice

Asteroid Day: How do you prepare for an asteroid impact By (USA) Astrogeology Science Center June 28, 2022 “The United Nations observes Asteroid Day every year on June 30” Wikipedia: Selected anniversaries 30 June

USA_GOV_T02018_MAR
BE PREPARED FOR A NUCLEAR EXPLOSION

Flash

Phys_org_T02023_JUL_13 Decoding the impact flash created by high-velocity impacts

NewScientist_T02022_JUN_16 Enormous impact flash seen lighting up Jupiter’s atmosphere “Astronomers spotted a huge space rock slamming into Jupiter, creating a blast of light and energy equivalent to 2 million tonnes of TNT – the brightest such event since 1994”

Heat

Dino-Killing Asteroid Made Rocks Behave like Liquid and Could Have Provided Habitat for New Life November 17, 2016 University of Texas GeoSciences – Nice fluids model video.

Smoke and Ash

Tsunami

Windblown radioactive salts ☢

Iridium in undersea crater confirms asteroid wiped out the dinosaurs 24 Feb 2021 by Hamish Johnston, an online editor of Physics World Photo Asteroid dust: Sean Gulick of the University of Texas at Austin, and Joanna Morgan at Imperial College London examine cores retrieved from the crater during the 2016 research mission led by the International Ocean Discovery Program. (Courtesy: The University of Texas at Austin/Jackson School of Geosciences)

Iridium’s impact NATURE CHEMISTRY | VOL 8 | APRIL 2016 | http://www.nature.com/naturechemistry
DAVID PAYNE, Department of Materials, Imperial College London

Iridium anomaly Wikipedia

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Disease ☣

Disease ☣ – Anthrax – bacterium Bacillus anthracis / Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis

World Health Organisation Anthrax

Ert_EUR European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Anthrax

Ert_USA USA Centre for Disease Control Anthrax

Ert_USA The Mayo Clinic Anthrax

Disease ☣ – Tuberculosis – Bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Ert_USA_T02011_MAY_17 Bovine Tuberculosis and the Establishment of an Eradication Program in the United States: Role of Veterinarians Vet Med Int doi: 10.4061/2011/816345 “The significance of the identification of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonotic pathogen in 1882 was not initially recognized. After years of research by veterinarians, and other scientists, the importance of M. bovis as a pathogen and the public health ramifications, were appreciated.”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis

Robert Koch identified and described the bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, on 24 March 1882.  In 1905, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this discovery.

GBR_T02024_DEC_05_Disease Health chiefs issue urgent warning over surge in deadly ‘Victorian disease’ that is easily mistaken for a winter cold “Official data shows cases increased 11 per cent by the end of last year reaching 5,000, according to the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) report. It means that roughly one in every 25,000 people in England has the infection, though this rises to almost one in every 5,000 people in London.”

UnitedNations_T02023_SEP_22 New global action pledge to end TB by 2030

UnitedNations_T02019_MAR_04 It’s ‘time to #EndTB’, says UN on World Tuberculosis Day

Disease ☣ – Bubonic Plague – Bacteria Yersinia pestis

United Nations World Health Organisation /news-room/fact-sheets/detail/plague

USA_ParkService Yosemite Plague

Ert_MDG_T02021_AUG_29_Bct_Plague Madagascar Disease Bubonic Plague Outbreak

Ert_Who_Disease Outbreak News / Plague – Madagascar 01 Oct 2021

Disease ☣ – Malaria parasite

Plasmodium Parasites Five types: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium knowlesi. UN_WHO Malaria Fact sheet

Ert_ETH_T02024_Disease_Malaria

UN_WHO Disease Outbreak News Malaria – Ethiopia 31 Oct 2024

Disease ☣ – Measles virus

United Nations World Health Organisation Measles fact sheet

  • Even though a safe and cost-effective vaccine is available, in 2022, there were an estimated 136 000 measles deaths globally, mostly among unvaccinated or under vaccinated children under the age of 5 years.
  • The proportion of children receiving a first dose of measles vaccine was 83% in 2023, well below the 2019 level of 86%.

Ert_IRL_T02024_FEB_Disease_Measles First confirmed measles fatality in (of) 2024 By NiGP “The death of an adult with confirmed measles has taken place in a hospital in the Dublin and Midlands Health Region. This is the first confirmed measles case notified in Ireland in 2024.”

https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/health/health-services/children-s-health/vaccinations-for-children/ “Your child will usually be offered the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine when they are 12 months old, followed by a second dose when they are aged 4-5 years old in junior infants.”

Disease ☣ – Marburg virus

Outbreak T02024_OCT

Ert_Disease_Marburg_Virus ☣ GBR_UK Government Guidance Paper – Marburg virus disease: origins, reservoirs, transmission and guidelines

Ert_Disease_Marburg_Virus ☣ EUR European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control – Marburg virus disease

World Health Organisation ☣ – Marburg virus disease global strategic preparedness and response plan for Rwanda 08 Oct 2024 Full Document Download

The Marburg virus disease (MVD) outbreak, first reported in Rwanda on 27 September 2024, represents a serious public health emergency, marking the country’s first documented outbreak of
this highly virulent pathogen. As of 7 October 2024, 49 confirmed cases and 12 deaths have been reported, with more than 70% of the cases involving healthcare workers. The high case fatality rate and the infection of frontline responders underscore the need for urgent and comprehensive public health interventions to control and contain the outbreak.

Disease ☣ – Rabies virus CAN_T02024 Child dies of rabies in Canada after waking up to bat in room

Disease ☣ – MPox virus – https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/multi-country-outbreak-of-mpox–external-situation-report–39—6-october-2024

Disease ☣ – Polio virus – https://www.who.int/news/item/04-09-2024-first-phase-of-polio-campaign-concludes-successfully-in-gaza

Floods PAK_T02022 Pakistan – RedCross.co.uk A year on from devastating flooding: what is happening in Pakistan? Last updated 30 August 2023 Is malaria a health emergency in Pakistan? Yes. according to the World Health Organisation, there has been a four-fold increase in the number of malaria cases after the floods in Pakistan, from 400,000 cases nationwide in 2021 to more than 1.6 million cases in 2022. The floods have effectively driven the worst malaria outbreak in Pakistan since 1973 and upended all the extensive malaria control efforts undertaken before the floods started.

Disease☣– Covid-19 Virus

Ireland – HSE Website – Covid-19

USA – CDC Website – Covid-19

The Irish Times Covid-19 SkyNews Covid-19

Covid-19 Pandemic EUR_T02020_JAN_31 Wikipedia Group of Articles Europe

Disease ☣ – Covid-19 Pandemic IRL_T02020_FEB Wikipedia article Republic of Ireland

Republic of Ireland Covid-19 “On 27 March (2020), the first stay-at-home order banned all non-essential travel and contact with others. People were made to keep apart in public, and those most at risk were told to cocoon. The Oireachtas passed an emergency act giving the state far-reaching powers to control the virus’s spread, and the Gardaí given powers to enforce the lockdown.” “During 2020 and 2021, the country had one of the world’s lowest excess death rates, which is an overall indicator of the pandemic’s impact, at an estimated 12.5 deaths per 100,000 population.”

Colman’s Note: Watch “Grabbers (2012)” iMDb again, excellent movie. Wiki Article seen 03 SEP 2024

Disease ☣ – Covid-19 Pandemic ITA_T02020_JAN_31 Wikipedia article Italy

Italy Covid-19 “On 31 December 2019, the Health Commission of Wuhan, Hubei, China, informed the WHO about a cluster of acute pneumonia cases with unknown origin in its province.” ” In March 2021, Istat published a new report in which it detected an excess mortality of 100,526 deaths in 2020, compared to the average of the previous five years.”

Colman’s Note: from 01 Jan 2021 to today (03 Sep 2024) Italy has had approximately 90,000 additional deaths from Covid-19.

Seen 03 Sep 2024

Disease ☣ – Covid-19 Pandemic Ert_T02025_SEP_23

USA_T02025_SEP_23 News 6 Orlando, Florida COVID-19 vaccines are available at Florida pharmacies. Where to find an appointment

IRL_T02025_SEP_23 News The Irish Times GP who described Covid vaccine for children as ‘crime against humanity’ faces inquiry.

ITL_T02025_SEP_23 News Euronews Italy launches updated COVID-19 vaccination campaign to target Omicron variant

Disease ☣ – Avian Influenza Wikipedia

Disease ☣ – Avian Influenza Localised outbreak Cork_IRL_T02025_SEP_23

RTE The Irish Examiner Echo_Live BreakingNews.ie The Irish Times The Irish Independent AgriLand

CorkBeo Article by Joe O’Shea 09:55, 23 SEP 2025 Updated12:46, 23 SEP 2025

Summary – Highly pathogenic Avian Influenza HPAI (H5N1), commonly known as bird flu, is currently circulating in wild birds, and has been detected following tests on a number of birds which were found dead at The Lough. Just yesterday, the CSPCA issued its own warning to the public.

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Famine

List of known Famines Worldwide (Wikipedia) Warning 2200BC – today.

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Pollution

Fossil Fuels

Heat pollution
Gases

World Meteorological Organisation

IND_T02024_NOV_13 Air Pollution
BBCNews
Delhi chokes as air pollution turns ‘severe’

Acid Rain

T2023_MAR A century of diatom monitoring in acidified and warmed Dutch moorland pools
The current project started in 1978 and initially focused on monitoring the recovery of diatom assemblages from acidification by atmospheric deposition of sulphur compounds, and after a few years also from atmospherically derived nitrogen compounds. However, simultaneously with the reduction of acidic atmospheric deposition, the temperature increased due to climate change. Since the temperature profoundly influences the biogeochemical processes in the pools, we also try to analyse temperature-induced changes.

T02020_DEC_08 The discovery and early study of acidification of lakes in Sweden
“The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency was created in 1967 and at the top of its agenda was acidification. At that time, Sweden emitted more sulfur dioxide than ever before, one million tons per year. In addition, prevailing westerly wind systems brought sulfur dioxide from the industries of North-western Europe to Scandinavia.”

T01984_MAY_01 Ecological Effects of Deposited Sulphur and Nitrogen Compounds Vol. 305, No. 1124, May 1, 1984 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences Published by: Royal Society

T01981 Impact of acidification on diatoms and chemistry of Dutch moorland pools
“Another factor which may explain partially the high sulfate concentrations in 1978 is the severe drought of 1976. By drought and drainage organic sulfur species are mineralized and sulfate is released.”

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon monoxide ☠
Nitrogen Dioxide ☠
Sulphur Dioxide ☠

Wikipedia – Sulphur Dioxide

Particulate solids – Smoke & Ash

Plastic Waste Pollution

United Nations Secretary General Antonio Gutterres Instagram Plastic pollution is all around us and even inside us – from our seas to our blood, to our brains. We are choking on plastic. “Every year, people may ingest the equivalent of up to 50 plastic bags due to microplastics in food.” Colman’s Comment: I think that was individuals… whales…

EU_IEEP_T02016 Plastic Bag Levy in Ireland In 2002 the Irish Government introduced a EUR 0.15 environmental levy on plastic bags at points of sale in order to reduce their consumption and adverse effects it had on Ireland’s landscape. Publically, discarded plastic bags amounted to 0.13% of litter pollution in 2015 compared to an estimated 5% in 2001.

https://www.epa.ie/our-services/monitoring–assessment/circular-economy/plastics/

https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/environment/waste-and-recycling/deposit-return-scheme/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container-deposit_legislation 

What are plastics?

Plastic has many valuable properties; it is light, hygienic, insulates well, is low cost and durable. Plastic packaging can prevent food waste by preserving food. On the negative side, plastic takes centuries to break down and if not managed properly it pollutes marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments. Plastic is mainly produced from fossil fuels, a finite resource and its production is responsible for the production of greenhouse gas emissions.

USA National Geographic
The world’s plastic pollution crisis explained
Much of the planet is swimming in discarded plastic, which is harming animal and possibly human health.
Can it be cleaned up?
By Laura Parker Published 07 June 2019 
Colman’s comment? 
Cheap oil availability. ”Many of these products, such as plastic bags and food wrappers, have a lifespan of mere minutes to hours, yet they may persist in the environment for hundreds of years.”

https://www.tuvaluclimatechange.gov.tv/glossary/letter_p Pollution - Degradation of one or more elements or aspects of the environment by noxious industrial, chemical or biological substances as a result of human or mechanical failure or mismanagement of natural and environmental resources.
 
Missing something? And I’m not talking about the unusual English language phrasing? Colman’s comment: One of the successes of the plastics industry has been the reduction in deaths from poor food distribution practices, however at what cost? Similarly, the coloured plastic play toys have educated the masses, I was just old enough to have played with Lego in Ireland, however, while Lego is so valuable because it is almost indestructible, the dog chewed some of ours and some of it still worked after and our Lego went on to other children, other toys, like the famous 40ft container of bath toy ducks, which started the race to map the oceans currents mathematically, have made their ways onto the oceanic water routes and back to the various beaches of the world. It’s Winter and the beaches are about to be crowded with waste, so a nice clean up organised for Spring and all looks nice for the tourist season. And a nice sealed see-through plastic drum of the plastic waste on the beach beside the littering fine notice? Why? Because they think the tide comes in, goes out, and sure, it’ll be gone tomorrow.

Ozone effecting chemicals

Fertilizer and sewage pollution

GBR&NI RTE News ‘Sense of shame’ over environmental crisis at Lough Neagh – NI minister T02024_MAR_05

FRA France24 More than half the world’s largest lakes and reservoirs drying up, study finds T02023_MAY_18

More than half of the world’s largest lakes and reservoirs are dwindling and placing humanity’s future water security at risk, with climate change and unsustainable consumption the main culprits, a study said

Science 18 May 2023 Vol 380, Issue 6646 pp. 743-749 Satellites reveal widespread decline in global lake water storage DOI: 10.1126/science.abo2812

IRL Agriland Water pollution is a ‘serious problem’ – climate report Louise Hickey T02023_MAY_08

In its Dealing with Climate Change and Sustainability Targets report, EIT Climate-KIC outlined that the run-off of nitrogen and phosphate from agricultural land resulting in nutrient pollution, was leading to “excessive plant and algal growth”.

In relation to tillage farms, “synthetic nitrogen fertiliser usage can be decreased or even eliminated by incorporating nitrogen-fixing plants into crop rotations or using these as cover crops and incorporating them later as green manure for the soil”.

Concrete

Carbon dioxide

Cement is a big problem for the environment. Here’s how to make it more sustainable Sep 13, 2024 World Economic Forum

Radon

Ert_IRL https://www.epa.ie/environment-and-you/radon/radon-testing/

https://www.epa.ie/environment-and-you/radon/radon-results-by-county/
Colman’s comment: 14% of houses over the recommended. 1.4% extremely high


Ert_USA_T02024_FEB_20 Center for Disease Control

Facts About Radiation from Building Materials

Colman’s comment; Last line: “In certain cases, radioactive radon gas may be released from building materials, and you may need to take steps to protect yourself. Get your home tested if you are concerned about radon levels.”

Nuclear Industry ☢

Heat pollution

Thermal water pollution is the degradation of water quality due to a change in ambient water temperature. ( It changing the fxxking weather is slightly annoying too. )

Pontchartrain Conservancy, New Orleans “While nuclear fission reactions do not directly produce greenhouse gases like fossil fuel combustion, power plants affect the environment in a myriad of ways. In order to elucidate a clearer environmental impact comparison between all power generation methods, including renewables, less obvious environmental effects must be adequately assessed.”

Thermal Water Pollution from Nuclear Power Plants Brandon Clark February 28, 2019 Submitted as coursework for PH241, Stanford University, Winter 2019

Meta-analysis of the thermal pollution caused by coastal nuclear power plants and its effects on marine biodiversity Marine Pollution Bulletin Volume 195, October 2023, 115452

Radioactive contamination ☢

Wikipedia – Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents

  • Ert_JPN_T02011_MAR_11 Nuclear Accident
    Fukushima Wikipedia
  • Ert_UKR_T01986_APR_26 Nuclear Accident
    Chernobyl Wikipedia
  • Ert_USA_T01979_MAR_28 Nuclear Accident
    Three Mile Island Wikipedia
  • Ert_GBR_T01957_OCT_10 Nuclear Accident
    Windscale Wikipedia
  • Ert_RUS_T01957_SEP_29 Nuclear Accident
    Chelyabinsk Kyshtym disaster, Mayak disaster, Ozyorsk disaster
    Wikipedia

Windscale fire “Speeding up the fans increased the airflow in the channel, fanning the flames. The fire spread to surrounding fuel channels, and soon the radioactivity in the chimney was rapidly increasing.  A foreman, arriving for work, noticed smoke coming out of the chimney. The core temperature continued to rise, and the operators began to suspect the core was on fire.” Wikipedia 20Sep2024

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellafield

Ireland – Irish Environmental Protection Agency
https://www.epa.ie/our-services/licensing/radiation/ 

Sellafield’s nuclear pollution of the Irish Sea took decades to achieve Thu May 28 1998 – 01:00 The Irish Times

HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
World Health Organisation – 12 September 1995

Wind blown radioactive salts ☢ ☠

Uranium Mining and Lung Cancer on the Navajo Nation Hannah Nguyen
February 20, 2019 Submitted as coursework for PH241, Stanford University, Winter 2019

Uranium mining and lung cancer among Navajo men in New Mexico and Arizona, 1969 to 1993 Gilliland FD, Hunt WC, Pardilla M, Key CR. J Occup Environ Med. 2000 Mar;42(3):278-83. doi: 10.1097/00043764-200003000-00008. PMID: 10738707.

Space Industry

Stratospheric particulate contamination

Metals from spacecraft reentry in stratospheric aerosol particles Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) October 16, 2023 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.231337412

Space Accident

USA NASA

Apollo 1 AS-204 (wiki)
The following astronauts died Gus Grissom, Edward H. White II, Roger B. Chaffee.
“The autopsy report determined that the primary cause of death for all three astronauts was cardiac arrest caused by high concentrations of carbon monoxide. Burns suffered by the crew were not believed to be major factors, and it was concluded that most of them had occurred postmortem. Asphyxiation occurred after the fire melted the astronauts’ suits and oxygen tubes, exposing them to the lethal atmosphere of the cabin.”

Space Shuttle NASA STS-51-L “Challenger” disaster (wiki)
The following astronauts died F. Richard Scobee, Michael J. Smith, Ronald McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Judith Resnik, Gregory Jarvis, Christa McAuliffe.

Space Shuttle NASA STS-107 “Columbia” disaster (wiki)
The following astronauts died Rick Husband, William C. McCool, Michael P. Anderson, Kalpana Chawla, David M. Brown, Laurel Clark, Ilan Ramon.

Space Debris

T02023 ESA Satellite Aeolus deliberate atmospheric re-entry procedure to avoid inhabited locations

It’s the English language version

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Aeronautical Industry

Environmental Pollution

Wikipedia Environmental impact of aviation

Aircraft Accident

Ert_USA_T02025_01_29 Black Hawk Helicopter Crews to Blame for Mid-Air Collision with Passenger Jet That Killed 67, Government Admits

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

War

Biological weapons ☣

Google – Biological Weapons Convention

Chemical weapons ☠

Google – Chemical Weapons Convention

Nuclear weapons ☢

Google – Nuclear Weapons Convention

HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
World Health Organisation – 12 September 1995

Radioactive contamination ☢

Windblown radioactive salts ☢ ☠

Ert_ALG_T01960_FEB_13_Nuc_Test FRA_”Blue Jerboa”

T02023_11_29 Ert_ICAN Communities harmed by nuclear weapons call for assistance from all states under the UN nuclear ban treaty

“We call for the clean-up of our contaminated lands and waters. We call for assistance for victims and survivors, whether we are Indigenous Peoples, hibakusha, hibakunisei, nuclear veterans, test survivors, downwinders, or anyone whose lives are scarred by the intergenerational harms caused by the development and production of these weapons of mass destruction. We deserve recognition, respect, and reparations.”

The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) is a coalition of non-governmental organisations in one hundred countries promoting adherence to and implementation of the United Nations Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. In 2017 they were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. www.icanw.org

Really ???
French nuclear tests contaminated 110,000 in Pacific, says study 09 March 2021 BBC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moruroa https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangataufa

Dealing with a Nuclear Past: Revisiting the Cases of Algeria and Kazakhstan through a Decolonial Lens Leila Hennaoui & Marzhan Nurzhan Published online: 24 Jul 2023 The International Spectator

“Victims, survivors and ‘downwinders’ still continue to bear a transgenerational impact including, among others, health abnormalities, birth defects, higher rates of premature death, mortality, cancer and other chronic illnesses (Parfitt).”

France’s 1960s nuclear tests in Algeria still poison ties Algiers (AFP) – Issued on: 29/07/2021 – 04:50 France24

“Between 1960 and 1966, France conducted 17 atmospheric or underground nuclear tests near the town of Reggane, 1,200 kilometres (750 miles) from the capital Algiers, and in mountain tunnels at a site then called In Ekker.”

France-Algeria relations: The lingering fallout from nuclear tests in the Sahara 27 April 2021 BBC News

“The detonation of the plutonium-filled bomb – known as Blue Jerboa – and the subsequent 16 explosions of nuclear weapons in Algeria were seen as a display of French strength and development.”

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Disasters

Wikipedia – Disaster Types

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Asteroid Impact (small 1-3)

ESA – Observation – Data Provision – Mitigation (We’ll put in Prevention when we can do it.)

We’re working on it.

Wikipedia Asteroid – Asteroid_belt – Kuiper_belt – Oort_cloud – Comet – Centaur

Chelyabinsk meteor ≅ ⌀ 20 m Tunguska event ≅ ⌀ 65meters.

Astronomical naming conventions

In 1992, minor planet (15760) Albion was discovered, the first Kuiper belt object (KBO) since Pluto (in 1930) and Charon (in 1978).

Life of Geology Instagram – Lonar Crater, located in the state of Maharashtra, India, is a salty, alkaline lake formed by a meteorite impact approximately 52,000 years ago. The crater has a diameter of around 1.8 kilometers and a depth of approximately 137 meters.

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Aircraft Accident

Midair Collision

Ert_USA_T02025_01_29 Black Hawk Helicopter Crews to Blame for Mid-Air Collision with Passenger Jet That Killed 67, Government Admits

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Dam collapse

USA – Time Magazine The Growing Danger of Dams BY JACQUES LESLIE SEPTEMBER 26, 2023 12:14 PM EDT

USA – USGS Dam Breaks in Michigan (19 May 2020) By Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center

Libya – BBC News Libya floods: Entire neighbourhoods dragged into the sea Published 12 September 2023 By Lucy Fleming

Libya – AXIOS.com Updated Sep 14, 2023 –World Before and after satellite images show scale of Libya flood destruction By Laurin-Whitney Gottbrath

Libya – Los Angeles Times Horrific dam collapses epitomize Libya’s failures. Why were so many warnings ignored? BY NABIH BULOS FOREIGN CORRESPONDENT SEPT. 19, 2023 3 AM PT

India – AP News Icy flood that killed at least 41 in India’s northeast was feared for years BY ASHOK SHARMA AND SIBI ARASU Updated 12:11 PM BST, October 6, 2023

India – Hindustan News Sikkim disaster: 1,200 MW project dam washed away By Pramod Giri, Siliguri Oct 05, 2023 07:16 AM IST

India – BBC News Uttarakhand dam disaster: Race to rescue 150 people missing in India “Uttarakhand, in the western Himalayas, is prone to flash floods and landslides. Some 6,000 people are believed to have been killed in floods in June 2013 which were triggered by the heaviest monsoon rains in decades.” Published 08 February 2021 part of article by Navin Singh Khadka, BBC World Service environment correspondent

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Earthquake

GBR Kings Norton Girls School & Sixth Form Locations at risk from tectonic – hazards

Lists of Historical Disasters for the West Indies
Colman’s Earthquakes Lists and Glossary

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Tsunami

A Mega-Tsunami in the Baltic Sea 1171 BC: Geological Records with Special Reference to the Lake Mälaren Area in Sweden Visit Estonia – Kaali field of meteorite craters “The biggest piece created a big crater with a diameter of 110 m and a depth of 22 m, and 8 smaller craters.”

Volcanic Effects causing Unexpected tsunami effects

JPN_SciRep 2022 Dec 26;12:22354. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25854-3 Observation and simulation of atmospheric gravity waves exciting subsequent tsunami along the coastline of Japan after Tonga explosion event

USA_USGS In depth: Surprising tsunamis caused by explosive eruption in Tonga August 12, 2022

Colman’s Web Library – Tonga – See Volcano Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai

Ground movements

University of West Indies 1907AD Earthquake Kingston, Jamaica ” “Everything crashed.” The day was not easily forgotten by those who experienced and survived the tremor. They saw around them, clouds of dust, crumbled buildings, masses of debris. In addition, there was the screams of the trapped, and later the gruesome sight of the charred bodies of man and animals. Water pipes were broken, tram lines were twisted, electric poles bent. The earthquake claimed 1200 lives out of the population of 48,000.”

Lake disappearance

Landslide

Wetin be landslide, wetin dey cause am? (English Pidgin) Luis Barrucho BBC World Service T02024_JUL_24

10 deadliest landslides in recorded history The Times of India T02024_AUG_13

Ert_VEN_T02022_OCT_10 Deadly landslides have swept away homes in the Venezuelan city of Las Tejerias, south of the capital Caracas. At least 22 people have been reported dead, and a further 52 are missing after the torrential rainfall caused by the weather pattern, La Niña. Video BBC YouTube

Ert_USA_T02024_SEP_07 Landslides are wreaking havoc on this California city. Locals vow to stay Regan Morris BBC News

Ert_IND_T02024_JUL_31 Scores missing as India landslides kill 166 BBC News

Ert_ETH_T02024_JUL_24 Frantic digging at scene of deadly Ethiopia landslides Kalkidan Yibeltal BBC News

Ert_PNG_T02024_MAY_07 Papua New Guinea fears thousands buried after landslide Frances Mao BBC News

Soil liquification

Ert_IRL_T02021_DEC11 Hidden Hydrology Captured Streams By Jason King Lost Waterways of Dublin By Jason King T02019_JUL_03

Sedimentation

Watercourse changes

Ocean

https://www.sail-world.com/Europe/

Which ocean surface currents are relevant to skippers in the Global Solo Challenge? by Global Solo Challenge 28 Jan 11:16 GMT Copyright © 2023 Sail-World Sail-World United Kingdom and/or the original author, photographer etc.

Biodiversity loss
Coastal erosion

Ert_IRL_T02024_JAN_15 Ireland Geological Survey The article “Assessment of Shoreline Change from SAR Satellite Imagery in Three Tidally Controlled Coastal Environments” has been published in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. Assessment of Shoreline Change from SAR Satellite Imagery in Three Tidally Controlled Coastal Environments

Colman’s Comment – Use of Satellite imagery from ESA using multi-spectral images (optical) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Environments looked at in the study:

  • IRL Bull Island: Flat, Sandy Beach Backed by Low-Lying Dunes and Marsh.
  • ESP Salinas: Sandy Beach Backed by High Dunes.
  • GBR Start Bay: Gravel Beach Backed by Lagoon and Steep, Rocky Cliffs.

While the use of the 38 years of data is nice and the availability of Satellite data in usable formats is nice, the study did not make full use of all data available to the Republic of Ireland as Air Photos of the area of Bull Island https://www.cambridgeairphotos.com/location/avs018/ seen here in 1968, which combined with tidal data (the military ones have the exact times) would serve as a data set for a much longer examination of the area. Similarly before the independance of Ireland, Free State, 1922, the British Geological Survey Hydrogeological maps, and earlier British Navy maps here seen in a collection from https://www.lbrowncollection.com/dublin-bay/ would have increased the span of the study. A little additional study from actual photographic reconnaissance and mapping history of the island of Ireland, and it might be quite useful. And you might look at German photos planning various invasions and other countries nefarious activities too. Apparently there was a study done of invading Ireland by the Western Allies in WW2 too. And since the Spanish and French did a little planning in this regard in the times from fifteenth to twentieth Centuries, they might have a few maps too. B01970_Colman_Cullen_Donough_OKeeffe T02024_SEP_09_1545A

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Solar Flare

Changes in Earth’s Magnetic Field

Sol_Ert_T02025_12_01 BBC Airbus A320 (landed safely) computer malfunction in flight 30 October 2025 Bit flips: How cosmic rays grounded a fleet of aircraft

GBR_TheIndependant T02024_NOV_16 Magnetic North Pole moves closer to Russia in way never seen before by scientists

Sol_Ert_T02024_08_16 BBC The superstorms from space that could end modern life

Sol_Ert_T02024_07_03 BBC Beyond the aurorae: How solar flares spill out across the Solar System This means the Sun produces more bursts of radiation and particles from solar flares and events known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs). If these are sprayed in our direction, they can supercharge the Earth’s magnetic field, causing magnificent aurorae but also posing problems for satellites and power grids.

Sol_Ert_T02023_DEC_15_1810Z  NASA The Sun emitted a strong solar flare, peaking at 12:02 p.m. EST, on Dec. 14, 2023. USA CBS News Massive solar flare erupts from sun, may bring northern lights to New England BY TERRY ELIASEN, EXEC. WEATHER PRODUCER UPDATED ON: DECEMBER 14, 2023 / 11:26 PM EST / CBS BOSTON UK The Guardian Nasa images show ‘amazing’ solar flare that caused radio interference on Earth “Fiery flash on sun’s surface 93m miles away was an X-class flare of highest intensity, with potential to affect radio communications.” USA Boston Herald Biggest solar flare in years temporarily disrupts radio signals on Earth Space.com Sun unleashes monster X-class solar flare, most powerful since 2017 (video)  News By Mike Wall published about 21 hours ago ”The flare may have been accompanied by a plasma eruption aimed at Earth.” BBC NEWS FOUR DAYS AGO Rare solar storms could cause rail network chaos, scientists warn Published 4 days ago BBC Newsround Solar storms: What are they and how serious can they be? Published 4 hours ago

Ert_CAN_T01989_MAR

Ert_USA_T01859_SEP Wikipedia – The Carrington Event was the most intense geomagnetic storm in recorded history, peaking on 1–2 September 1859 during solar cycle 10. It created strong auroral displays that were reported globally and caused sparking and even fires in telegraph stations. The geomagnetic storm was most likely the result of a coronal mass ejection (CME) from the Sun colliding with Earth’s magnetosphere. Colman’s comment: From another article I read recently, the voltages in the telegraph lines were so high and continuous that without batteries connected the operators were still able to send messages.

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Tsunami

2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami

Coastal erosion

Investigating beach erosion related with tsunami sediment transport at Phra Thong Island, Thailand, caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences -An interactive open-access journal of the European Geosciences Union 28 October 2020

USA Park Service Coastal Geohazards—Tsunamis “Upon making contact with the shore, tsunamis can severely alter the coastal landscape through rapid erosion and deposition of sediment. High wave energy may transport coastal vegetation and marine debris and leave in place unstable barren dunes susceptible to further erosion. Tsunami events have impacted and led to the closure of coastal parks.“

Sea water inundation

The impact of coastal flooding on agriculture: A case-study of Lincolnshire, United Kingdom Land degradation and development 10 January 2020

USA Dept of Agriculture Saltwater Intrusion: A Growing Threat to Coastal Agriculture 21 Sep 2024

What issues do farmers face?

Because of its low elevation, land along much of the Northeast seaboard is at risk from saltwater intrusion. In this region, many acres of farmland are lost every year because they are becoming too wet and salty to grow crops. Salt tolerant marsh plants that border farm fields are moving inland and onto the former fields in a process called “marsh migration.” Though farmers currently view marsh migration as a problem, it may also provide opportunities. Farmers may be able to develop wetland conservation easements on this land. In this case, planting certain native plants can help prevent or slow the migration of undesirable or invasive species such as Phragmites australis. Native plants can provide other valuable ecosystem services too.

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Volcano

Volcanoes

Volcanoes – Listed by Country

Volcanoes – Glossary of Terms

Volcano News

GBR BBC News

Sky News

Wikipedia – Category: Active volcanoes

T02000

Volcanic Winter

https://www.rte.ie/archives/2018/1218/1017873-snow-covers-ireland/?q=snow%20events&page=1

Blizzards
Started in Sheffield – Includes – Most famous Blizzards from History
Ert_KOR_T02024_NOV_27 Blizzard Korea

2024Nov27

GBR_BBCNews Seoul blanketed by heaviest November snow on record

2024Nov28

Ert_Reuters South Korea battles second day of heavy snow; five dead

IRL_BreakingNews_ie Flights grounded as massive snowstorm hits Seoul

GBR_TheGuardian Heavy snowfall in South Korea – in pictures

DEU_DeutschesWeld_Youtube South Korea: At least 4 dead in heaviest November snowfall on record

SGP_ChannelNewsAsia_com South Korea battles second day of heavy snow; at least four dead

Ert_USA_CA_T02024_NOV_21 California Blizzard Bomb cyclone terror over California captured in haunting satellite image

Magma

Lava

Rock types

Vol_Smoke and Ash (VOG)

World Meteorological Organisation

Acid rain ☠

HF – H2SO4 – HNO3 – HCl – HCO3
Fluoride, Sulphate, Nitrate, Chloride, Carbonate.

T01985_06 Long-term ecosystem stress: the effects of years of experimental acidification on a small lake Science. 1985 Jun 21;228(4706):1395-401. doi: 10.1126/science.228.4706.1395.

T02008_03_06 The Irish Times What made the acid rain myth finally evaporate? DR WILLIAM REVILLE UNDER THE MICROSCOPE Whatever happened to acid rain? Acid rain was succeeded by the “hole in the ozone layer” as the next environmental worry, which in turn was pushed off the stage by global warming. Oops, I forgot! Just before global warming we briefly worried about global cooling, causing drought, famine, frozen oceans etc, fears triggered by a small dip in average northern hemisphere temperatures from 1940 to mid-1970s. As the fella said – “You’d have to wonder”. William Reville is associate professor of Biochemistry and Public Awareness of Science Officer at UCC – http://understandingscience.ucc.ie

T02014_10 Holland Government – Changes in rainwater and groundwater quality as a result of atmospheric emission reductions – Acidification and eutrophication, 1989 – 2010 – National Institute for Public Health and the Environment – The Netherlands http://www.rivm.nl/en

T02019_09_07 BBC News Acid rain went from being a pollution disaster to an environmental success story. How did scientists manage to prove that acid rain existed, and find a way to stop it? Lesley Evans Ogden

Gases
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide ☠
Nitrogen Dioxide ☠
Sulphur Dioxide ☠

Colman’s comment – Thank you Copernicus. Colman’s Report below T02024_SEP_07

Cutting down on sulphur Jancis Robinson – “Jancis was voted the world’s most influential wine critic in various polls in the US, France and internationally in 2018” “She has been wine correspondent for the Financial Times since 1990 and writes for this global publication and ft.com every Saturday.” ” by then the harmful effects of sulphur dioxide on a subset of wine drinkers were known and in the 1980s there were concerted efforts by both wine producers and the authorities to reduce the amount used in winemaking. By the 1990s the EU’s maximum permitted levels of total sulphites in wine had been reduced to under 250 mg/l.” “Black Tower, me ma used to like it.”

Occupational Exposures to Mists and Vapours from Strong Inorganic Acids; and Other Industrial Chemicals. Sulfur Dioxide and Some Sulfites, Bisulfites and Metabisulfites

WARNING – Paragraph 4.2. Toxic effects 4.2.1. Humans – Ingestion of sulfites has been postulated to be a cause of rapid, acute allergic reactions, including fatal anaphylactic-like responses (Settipane, 1984). A sulfite-sensitive subpopulation of asthmatics has been postulated to exist who have a relative deficiency of sulfite oxidase (Stevenson & Simon, 1984). “I read really fast, it’s why I’m normally bored.” Colman

The second concern is with other by-products that are released when fuel is burned, particularly nitrous oxides (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2), both of which have been linked to acid rain. From this perspective, and also because it is the least carbon-intensive of the fossil fuels available for home heating, natural gas is considered a “clean” fuel. Particulate matter is a third concern, primarily linked to the burning of solid fuels. Burning natural gas results in very low levels of emission of sulphur dioxide and other particulate matter (smoke). Oil does not burn as cleanly as natural gas, but the use of efficient boilers substantially reduces the emission of particulate matter. Wood contains only a small quantity of sulphur. Bituminous coal, with a high smoke and high sulphur dioxide content, is banned in several urban centres in Ireland, including Dublin, Cork, Drogheda, Dundalk, Limerick, Wexford, Arklow, Celbridge, Galway, Leixlip, Naas and Waterford. The ban is to be extended in the future to Bray, Kilkenny, Sligo and Tralee. A voluntary agreement was reached in 2002 between the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government and the Solid Fuel Trade Group to reduce
the sulphur content of bituminous coal and peatcoke. ESRI Housing Report 2015

Now, I don’t know what the effects on my innards are, however the Apple vinegar I had, (which I didn’t drink, I put it on my plants last week) the lumpy bits stuck to the inside of the bottle the same way as the lumpy bits stuck on the inside of the black tower bottle when dad tried to clean it to make a nice lamp from it. “Sulphites were used to aggregate the solids in the wine allowing them to be removed more easily (with larger filter sizes) from the fermented products.” Quote from Colman – Dad did some wine making and I actually read the packets in the winemaking kit, and that’s what the packet said.

Ert_ETH_Volcano_T02025_11_24 Copernicus EU This animation shows the sulfur emissions generated by the eruption of the Ethiopian volcano Hayli Gubbi

Ert_ETH_Volcano_T02025_11_23 The Hayli Gubbi volcano in Ethiopia, located approximately 800 kilometres north-east of Addis Ababa, erupted for the first time in nearly 12,000 years on 23 November 2025

Hydrogen Sulphide ☠

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) International Volcanic Health Hazard Network (IVHHN)
“Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a toxic gas and the health hazard depends upon both the duration of exposure and the concentration. The gas is an irritant of the lungs and at low concentrations irritates the eyes and the respiratory tract. Exposure may result in headache, fatigue, dizziness, staggering gait, and diarrhoea, followed sometimes by bronchitis and bronchopneumonia (Sax and Lewis, 1989). There is some evidence of elevated presence of adverse health symptoms in communities exposed to long-term low levels of H2S in the environment (Bates et al., 2002; Legator, 2001), such as in geothermal areas, and the unpleasant smell of H2S can be a nuisance.” Website seen 20 Sep 2024

Hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide in volcanic gases: abundance, processes, and atmospheric fluxes Comptes Rendus Géoscience – Sciences de la Terre Comptes Rendus. Géoscience, Online first (2024)

Particulate solids
Stratospheric particulate contamination

Impact of the Hunga Tonga volcanic eruption on stratospheric composition Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) October 30, 2023

Ert_TON_T02022_JAN_15_VOL Tonga Eruption Blasted Unprecedented Amount of Water Into Stratosphere Article by USA NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Vol_Floods

Vol_Lahar (Mud)

Wikipedia – Lahar

Ert_GTM_T02018_Vol Volcán de Fuego Mapping Lahar Threats in the Aftermath of Volcán de Fuego

Ert_COL_T01986_DEC_01_Vol_Lahar Nevado del Ruiz Lahars initiated by the 13 November 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia Donald R. Lowe, Stanley N. Williams, Henry Leigh, Charles B. Connort, J. Bruce Gemmell, Richard E. Stoiber “The largest flow was a cohesive debris flow, more than 45 m deep and moving at ∼12 ms-1 when it debouched from the canyon of the Rio Lagunilla 2.5 km from Armero, where it killed 25,000 people.” 43.2 kmph

Arizona State University

Ert_COL_T01985_NOV_13_Vol_Mud_Lahar Nevado_del_Ruiz The Armero Tragedy The lahars picked up speed in gullies and engulfed the town of Armero, killing more than 20,000 of its almost 29,000 inhabitants. Previous lahars in T01845_Eqk_Lahar and T01595_Vol_Lahar Note: The volcano had substantial glacier coverage. “Since then the glaciers have retreated further because of atmospheric warming. By 1959, the massif’s glaciated area had dropped to 34 km2 (13 sq mi).”

Vol_Jökulhlaup (glacial water)

Wikipedia – Jökulhlaup is a type of glacial outburst flood (water) in particular to Iceland.

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Climate change

World Meteorological Organisation

25 Dec 2024 – yes I’m waiting for the link to be in here for free too.
Because the situation is so bad we put a heart monitor on…. Earth….

All others pay cash…. – Trust me I know what I’m doing….

Ert_AUS Australian Climate Service – Hazard Insights

Ireland – Irish Environmental Protection Agency
https://www.epa.ie/our-services/monitoring–assessment/climate-change/

Finland – Finland’s Lapland sees warmest summer on record RTE News Monday, 2 Sep 2024 16:31 “”The summer in Lapland in Finland was clearly the warmest on record,” said Mika Rantanen, a climate change researcher at Finland’s Meteorological Institute.” “”Northern Norway, northern Sweden and even (the) Svalbard (archipelago) also had their warmest summer on record,” Mr Rantanen added.”

UN_AZE_IRL_RTENews T02024_NOV_11 Climate Change

COP29: Nations approve new UN rules on carbon markets The UN said that 2024 is likely to break new temperature records, and the Paris goals are “in great peril”. The period from 2015 to 2024 will also be the warmest decade recorded, the World Meteorological Organization said in a report.

Heating of the Earth

Sol_Ert_T02024

Sol_Ert_T02024_JUN_26 Top 10 hottest places on Earth 2024 by Toby Saunders Published: June 26, 2024 BBC Science Focus Toby Saunders is a freelance writer He has a degree in film studies from Bath Spa University. Colman’s Comment: Well, if you keep looking at the Star Wars – Tatooine location weather, you see the temperature increase. Discover the Real and Imagined Cities of Luke Skywalker’s Tatooine Smithsonian Magazine “”” “We saw an older man, maybe in his late eighties, walking down the street with the original Star Wars t-shirt, and I didn’t have the heart to tell him that that was probably worth  $10,000 now,” he recalls.””” Now, my thought is, it’s Tunisia, beside the ocean and he’s eighty and the sunlight and the salt water kills the viruses and the visitor was thinking about money.

  • 1. Furnace Creek, Death Valley (USA): 56.7°C (134°F)
  • 2. Kebili (Tunisia): 55°C (131°F)
  • 3. Ahvaz (Iran): 54°C (129.2°F)
  • 4. Tirat Tsvi (Israel): 54°C (129°F)
  • 5. Mitribah (Kuwait): 53.9°C (129°F)
  • 6. Basra (Iraq): 53.9°C (129°F)
  • 7. Turbat (Pakistan): 53.7°C (128.7°F)
  • 8. Al Jazeera Border Gate (UAE): 52.1°C (125.8°F)
  • 9. Mexicali (Mexico): 52°C (125.6°F)
  • 10. Jeddah (Saudi Arabia): 52°C (125.6°F)

Sol_Ert_MarineHeatwave_02025_06_22 Copernicus A marine heatwave is ongoing in the Mediterranean Sea

Sol_Ert_T02024_SEP_12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest_temperature_recorded_on_Earth
May 2021 80.8 °C (177.4 °F) Satellite Dasht-e Lut, (Iran) & Sonoran Desert, (Mexico) Case studies published in May 2021 by the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.[31]
Dasht-e Lut, (Iran)  is a salt desert located in the provinces of Kerman and Sistan-Baluchestan, Iran.
“The name is derived from ‘Lut’ which means bare and empty in Persian and ‘dasht’ which means plain in Persian. The surface of its sand has been measured at temperatures as high as 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), making it one of the world’s driest and hottest places.”

Ert_GRC_T2024_JUN_13 Heatwave with over 43°C and Sahara dust paralyze Greece Keep Talking Greece

Sol_Ert_T2024_JUN_12 Middle East, Mediterranean, and North Africa experiencing climate-induced extreme heat Climate Central

Colman’s comment: Long time ago I wore a T-shirt out at Christmas in Cork city and they looked at me quare and we had a few remarks on the subject, my reply was “It’s five degrees colder in Donegal, this is like a Summers day up there.”

Wildfires

Sol_Ert_Wildfires_T02025

ESP_Wildfires_T02025_08 Copernicus EU Massive wildfires are spreading in Spain and Portugal, forcing the evacuation of thousands of residents.⁣
⁣

ALB_Wildfires_T02025_07 Copernicus EU In mid-July 2025, The Albanian Ministry of Defence reported 18 wildfire outbreaks across multiple municipalities.

USA_Wildfires_T02025_JAN_07 Copernicus EU Sentinel3 Image 09 Jan 2025 Instagram A fast-moving fire broke out in the Hollywood Hills of California, USA, on 7 January 2025, threatening iconic Los Angeles landmarks and thousands of homes.

Sol_Ert_Wildfires_T02024

The European Copernicus satellite service said that over 15,000 hectares (37,000 acres) were scorched and a combined 13 kilometers (8 miles) of fire fronts were detected as of Tuesday night. It added that an area home to 210,000 people was exposed to the fire risk.

PRT_T02024_SEP_18 Floods in Poland and wildfires in Portugal show reality of climate breakdown, says EU The Guardian

PRT_T02024_SEP_19 Portugal declares a state of calamity as wildfires rage out of control AP News

USA_T02024_FEB_29 Texas panhandle wildfire only 3 percent contained Video CBS News

USA_T02024_FEB_28 Texas panhandle wildfires become states 2nd largest blaze Video CBS News

Sol_Ert_Wildfires T02000 – T02023

GRC_Wildfires_T02007 Wikipedia

Antarctic Ice loss

Antarctic Ice Loss 2002-2020 “Research based on observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites (2002-2017) and GRACE Follow-On (since 2018 – ) indicates that between 2002 and 2020, Antarctica shed approximately 150 gigatons of ice per year, causing global sea level to rise by 0.4 millimeters per year.”

INSTITUTE FOR CLIMATE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE NEWS MONDAY 20 March 2023 Billions of tonnes of ice lost from Antarctic Ice sheet “Scientists have calculated that the fastest changing Antarctic region - the Amundsen Sea Embayment - has lost more than 3,000 billion tonnes of ice over a 25-year period. ”

Antarctic ice shelf demise 13 October 2023 ESA / Applications / Observing the Earth / Copernicus / Sentinel-1 “The research team, led by scientists from the University of Leeds, found that 71 of the 162 ice shelves around Antarctica have reduced in volume, releasing almost 67 trillion tonnes of meltwater into the ocean.”

Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century by Kaitlin A. Naughten, Paul R. Holland & Jan De Rydt Nature.com Climate Change Published: 23 October 2023 Cite this article

Arctic Ice loss

Colman’s Comment: – I’m just going to mention Greenland and not the arctic circle as the water mass is the same if the ice there is water or not, however the GREENLAND ICE LOSS is larger than the Antarctic at present and there’s a few other little areas of ice around the arctic circle, hills and mountains on Norway and other places like Russia and stuff.

https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/ice-sheets/ https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/ice-sheets/ https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/ice-sheets/ If it’s important you say it three times, thrice, three times???? GREENLAND ???? That’s a small slow down from 2,500 Giga tonnes of Ice lost per year to 2,300 Giga tonnes lost per year due to the small reduction in fuel use due to Covid. And it’s lost INTO the North Atlantic at approximately 0-3 degrees, slowing the heating of the Arctic, by a tiny amount. Because it’s flowing into water arriving from the USA and Caribbean and similar to the North Atlantic passing Ireland at Winter time it’s normally about 6 to 8 degrees Centigrade.

Biodiversity loss

USA NASA Pollinator Initiatives at NASA Sol_Ert_T02024_SEP_03 Jordan T. Pogorzelski

Desertification

Fangfang Yao et al (2023), at the University of Virginia reported that more than half of the world’s large lakes are drying up. They assessed almost 2,000 large lakes using satellite measurements combined with climate and hydrological models. based on their finding, that unsustainable human use, changes in rainfall and run-off, sedimentation, and rising temperatures have driven lake levels down globally, with 53% of lakes showing a decline from 1992 to 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_lake  
Yao, Fangfang; Livneh, Ben; Rajagopalan, Balaji; Wang, Jida; Crétaux, Jean-François; Wada, Yoshihide; Berge-Nguyen, Muriel (2023-05-19) “Satellites reveal widespread decline in global lake water storage”  Science. 380 (6646): 743-749. doi:10.1126/science.abo2812

Glacier loss

USA NOAA Climate Change: Mountain glaciers By Rebecca Lindsey  Reviewed By Michael Zemp AND Mauri Pelto T02024_MAY_10

ISL Meteorological Office https://en.vedur.is/hydrology/glaciers/

ISL Meteorological Office – Video on Climate Change – Islandic language – excellent photo commentary Loftslagsrannsóknir á Veðurstofu Íslands Halldór Björnsson T02009_03_19

Lake size reduction

Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies Volume 38, December 2021, 100952 The 2010–2020 ‘megadrought’ drives reduction in lake surface area in the Andes of central Chile (32º – 36ºS) Magdalena Fuentealba, Camila Bahamóndez, Pablo Sarricolea, Oliver Meseguer-Ruiz, Claudio Latorre. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2021.100952

Lake salination

Earth-Science Reviews Volume 251, April 2024,

Salinization mechanism of lakes and controls on organic matter enrichment: From present to deep-time records Chao Liang, Bo Yang, Yingchang Cao, Keyu Liu, Jing Wu, Fang Hao, Yu Han, Wanlu Han

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104720

USA Science – At the Great Salt Lake, record salinity and low water imperils millions of birds Drought spurs efforts to restore shrinking lake’s water supplies By Eli Kintisch T02022_SEP_09

ESP University of Barcelona Salinization of river and lake ecosystems: a research agenda for a global threat T02022_JAN_26

A scientific team in which ten countries took part, has joined efforts to analyse the current knowledge on this topic and set a guideline to improve the understanding of the effect of salt in water ecosystems worldwide. The paper has been published in the journal Trends in Ecology & Evolution. Its first author is the postdoctoral researcher David Cunillera-Montcusí, and one of the co-authors is the Serra Hunter lecturer Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles, both members of the Freshwater Ecology, Hydrology and Management Research Group (FEHM) of the Faculty of Biology of the University of Barcelona. Trends in Ecology & Evolution (<–IMPORTANT)

Cunillera-Montcusí, D. et al. «Freshwater salinisation: a research agenda for a saltier world». Trends in Ecology & Evolution, January 2022. DOI: /doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2021.12.0

USA UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Salinity and Hydrology
of Closed Lakes By WALTER B. LANGBEIN Sol_Ert_T01961

Port sedimentation

NLD https://www.porttechnology.org/ Climate change adaptation as it affects the dredging community Pol Hakstege, technical manager at Rijkswaterstaat, Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment, the Netherlands

River sedimentation

Wikipedia – Fluvial Sedimentation

Sea level rise

19 Sept 2024

Antarctic Ice Loss 2002-2020 “Research based on observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites (2002-2017) and GRACE Follow-On (since 2018 – ) indicates that between 2002 and 2020, Antarctica shed approximately 150 gigatons of ice per year, causing global sea level to rise by 0.4 millimeters per year.” (Pssst, that’s just Antarctica – Ground water losses and Glaciers and Greenland ??? GRRR )

USA http://www.porttechnology.org
Port of Oakland obtains $3 million grant to combat sea level rise T02024_JUL_29 By Dom Magli

The funding will be used to mitigate possible floods caused by sea level rise (SLR) and groundwater intrusion (GWI). Director of Environmental Programs and Planning, Colleen Liang, said: “Sea level rise and groundwater intrusion pose an existential threat to the port and city. We are thankful to Caltrans for the award. We’ll use the funding to provide adaptation strategies for the port, and the City of Oakland’s vulnerable communities.”

Soil salination

EUR European Commission JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC) Soil Salinization

Wind blown land salts

Salinification and salt transports under aeolian processes in potential desertification regions of China Journal – Science of The Total Environment 2012

Wind blown sea salt (NaCl)

NASA Salt and the Wind

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Weather – Meteorology

Origin of Meteorology – Aristotle (wiki) Greek polymath 00340BC “Aristotle’s “Meteorologica” (wiki) is the oldest comprehensive treatise on the subject of meteorology. Written around 340 B.C, it consists of four books; three of pertaining to meteorology, and one of chemistry.

Wikipedia – Index of meteorology articles This is a list of meteorology topics.
The terms relate to meteorology, the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting.
List of meteorological phenomena.

Wikipedia – Cloud – Nephology is the study of Clouds. ”In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol consisting of a visible mass of miniature liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or other particles suspended in the atmosphere of a planetary body or similar space. Water or various other chemicals may compose the droplets and crystals. On Earth, clouds are formed as a result of saturation of the air when it is cooled to its dew point, or when it gains sufficient moisture (usually in the form of water vapor) from an adjacent source to raise the dew point to the ambient temperature.” At the Earths surface, water bodies or other liquids boil and make steam (evaporation or transpiration) which rises into the air. Sometimes the cloud is smoke, ash or other particulates or visible gases made by burning or evaporation of chemicals from chemical reactions such as from a volcano, forest fire or engine or factory exhausts.

Toolik Lake Field Station, Environmental Data Centre, Alaska, USA.
The best little Climate website, I have ever seen. 25 November 2025, Colman

Severe Weather

Wikipedia – Weather Front.

Ert_IND_T02024_SEP_10_WX_Rainfall

Government of India Ministry of Earth Sciences India Meteorological Department
Significant Rainfall recorded during past 24 hours till 0830 hours IST of today 10.09.2024 (in cm):

  • Vidarbha: Gondia Ap (dist Gondia) 29, Deori (dist Gondia) 21, Gondia (dist Gondia) 21, Salekasa (dist Gondia) 20, Sadakarjuni (dist Gondia) 19, Goregaon (dist Gondia) 18
  • Chhattisgarh: Lal Bahadur Nagar (dist Rajnandgaon) 24, Sukma (dist Sukma) 19, Dongargarh
  • (dist Rajnandgaon) 19, Gurur (dist Balod) 19, Rajnandgaon (dist Rajnandgaon) 18,
  • Bhanupratappur (dist Kanker) 18, Khairagarh (dist Khairagarh Chh Gandai) 17, Balod (dist Balod) 16, Durgkondal (dist Kanker) 16, Baloda Bazar (dist Baloda Bazar) 16
  • Odisha: Lanjigarh ( Kalahandi) 23, Madanpur Rampur ( Kalahandi) 22
  • East Madhya Pradesh: Kirnapur (dist Balaghat) 20
  • Gujarat Region: Umerpada (dist Surat) 19

Colman’s Comment: These are the areas of India which received More than (>) Fifteen Centimetres or Six inches in old money of rain, see that first one says Twenty Nine centimetres of rain, now I wonder was that because the rainfall gauge, the Met office normally use a graduated cylindrical measuring beaker, was simply full or was that from the Satellite data and it doesn’t go up to 30 cm or an Imperial Foot, because it scares people, and yes, I think we can call that 29 cm of Torrential Rain in Twenty Four hours, that’s one single day, from the ninth of September 2024 to 8:30am in the morning of the tenth of September 2024. Now, why is that 8:30, because India’s standard time is UTC+5:30. Now here is the list of https://24timezones.com/time-zones which lists Irish standard time which is Military Alpha Time and doesn’t mention Irish Daylight savings time of UTC+0 and our Daylight Savings Time is the same as Greenwich Mean Time GMT, hello to the nice people in Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and Military time Zulu which is what is used on the International Space Station. So in winter you’re on the same time as those lovely astronauts watching me on record, because they … , oh, they can, because it’s their time off in the evening and we’re live.

Heatwaves

Ert_AUS Australian Climate Service – Natural Hazards – Heatwaves

Bushfires

Ert_AUS Australian Climate Service – Natural Hazards – Bushfires

Drought

Ert_ITA_T02024_Wx Drought Sicily, Italy Copernicus Instagram In 2024, Sicily, Italy faced its worst drought in almost 20 years, with nearly empty reservoirs and water rationing affecting up to two million people.

Sedimentation

6 Ways Droughts Affect Lakes and Ponds Solitude Lake Management

2. Sediment accumulation When sediment erodes from the shoreline, it accumulates at the bottom of the waterbody. As a result, the depth and volume of the system will decrease over time. Though sedimentation occurs naturally due to wind, rain, and activity on land, droughts accelerate this process. When the drought ends, stakeholders may find that their waterbody’s ability to hold water has decreased.

Wind erosion

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Severe Rain

Flooding

Wikipedia List of Floods

Ert_AUS Australian Climate Service – Hazard Insights ? address updated T02025_09_21

Monsoon

Colman’s comment – From Thermodynamics and Boyle’s Law; as the air above the Indian Ocean heats, moisture rises, the level of humidity increases, making the air denser than the dry air over the continent. From Physics and Meteorology; the level of humidity also increases the ability of the air to absorb radiation, microwave and thermal and the water in the atmosphere heats further adding to it’s ability to carry more moisture per meter cubed and the velocity of the air vertically as it rises due to heat and turbulence and horizontally due to the Earth’s Coriolis effect and the inertia of the mass of the denser humid air. From Boyle’s law and Meteorology, the expansion of the warm air, compared with the cool dry air at altitude, the Himalayas are quite tall, see Everest etc. pushes the dry air Northwards and the warm wet air follows it onto the continent and the rains fall. The long version is that the air rises up over the higher landmass and as altitude and lower air pressures and temperatures are reached the air reaches saturation point and releases it’s moisture in what we call Fog, Mist, Light Rain, Rain, and “I think it’s time to take the washing in dear.”. And in Dem Rep of Congo, the raindrops were so large they hit the ground and then bounced up to hit me in the face, while I was standing, and they fell from such low altitude with low velocity that you could see them fall and one raindrop filled the palm of your hand. And the drains beside the roads in DRC_Goma were one meter deep. T02024_09_11_B01970_Colman_OKeeffe

Ert_IND_T02024_AUG_22_Fld_Monsoon Weather Bee | Does the 2024 monsoon have more rainy days than usual? Hindustan Times “The 2024 monsoon season — it runs from June to September officially — is one of the wettest in India’s recorded history. The rainfall for the June 1-August 20 period is ranked 22nd highest this year since 1901, according to the gridded data of the India Meteorological Department (IMD).”

Ert_NEP_T02024_JUL_07_Fld_Monsoon Nepal News: Severe Monsoon Triggered Floods & Landslides Kill 47 People In Less Than A Month YouTube CNBC News

Ert_PAK_T02023_AUG_25_Fld_Monsoon Pakistan – UNICEF Devastating floods in Pakistan “One year after historic floods devastated Pakistan, UNICEF remains on the ground, working with partners to help children and families.” Last updated: 25 August 2023 “The 2022 floods submerged one third of the country, affecting 33 million people, half of whom were children. The floods damaged most of the water systems in affected areas, forcing more than 5.4 million people to rely solely on contaminated water from ponds and wells.”

Ert_PAK_T02023_NOV_18_Fld_Relief Pakistan – RedCross.co.uk A year on from devastating flooding: what is happening in Pakistan? Last updated 30 August 2023 “As of 18 November 2022, the Pakistan National Disaster Management Authority reported that over 1,700 people having lost their lives and at least 12,867 people injured.“

Flash Flooding

Wikipedia List of Floods

Ert_IRL_T02025_11_14 Storm Claudia Copernicus activation and Mapping On 14 November 2025, Storm Claudia hit Ireland until midday on 15 Saturday November. Severe weather and flood impacts were expected.

Ert_COD_T02025_04_17 Dem Rep of the Congo – CapitalKinshasa The Conversation Why Kinshasa keeps flooding – and why it’s not just about the rain

European Flooding 2024 Central European floods 2024

ESP_T02024_OCT_29 Valencia – Castilla-La Mancha – Malaga Flash Flood

Wikipedia Oct 2024 Spain Flooding

Landslide

Ert_CHN_T02025_11_30 China Landslide roadway Shocked tourists blindsided by massive boulder KameraOne Sun 30 November 2025 at 8:00 am GMT

Ert_MMR_T02023_AUG_23 Myanmar Landslide – Landslide at Myanmar jade mine leaves more than 30 people missing, rescue official says BY JINTAMAS SAKSORNCHAI Updated 5:53 AM GMT, August 14, 2023

Mudslides

Ert_USA_T02024_SEP_30_Hur Hurricane Helene Mudslide Moment mudslide tears through home in North Carolina

Ert_CHN_T02023_AUG_13 China Mudslide – Death toll in China mudslide rises to 21, with six people missing Updated 12:08 PM GMT, August 13, 2023 “The government earlier reported 142 people were killed by flooding and landslides in July.”

Ert_BRA_T02019_01_25_Disaster Brazil Mining Dam Collapse
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumadinho_dam_disaster Córrego do Feijão iron ore mine suffered a catastrophic failure. The dam, located 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) east of Brumadinho in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Avalanche
Soil erosion
Tornado – Links to Severe Wind – Tornado

Ert_BGD_T02024_SEP_02 Bangladesh Floods Devastating floods in eastern Bangladesh Copernicus Image of the day

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Severe Wind

Tornado

Fujita Scale – Enhanced Fujita Scale – Degree of Damage
(USA National Weather Service)

USA National Weather Service Arkansas Sneed Tornado Little Rock, AR – The F5 Tornado of April 10, 1929 “the tornado was 1/2 mile wide” (at it’s strongest).

Ert_USA_T02024_SEP_12 Hurricane Francine

Track power outages across Mississippi in wake of Hurricane Francine by J.T. Mitchell September 11, 2024 Mississippi Media

Tornado watch issued for parts of southern Mississippi by SuperTalk News Staff September 11, 2024 Mississippi Media

Tornado watch issued for Southwest Alabama until Thursday morning Published: Sep. 11, 2024, 10:25 p.m. AL.com “Tornado watches and warnings: What you need to know”

Snow

Ice

USA Dept of Commerce Observers guide to Sea Ice Note: This is an old idea and similar to measuring the observed clouds in octaves. a tictactoe grid # divides the sky into nine and above your head is the smallest and is… the current weather over the observer and in the met data already.

GBR H&S Ice Crossing Safety

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Weather Systems

You might check if the scale is geometric or logarithmic? Just in case you need to talk about “WHY????”

USA I USA II USA III

JPN IV IND V FRA VI

AUS VII IDN VIII

AUS IX IDN X

AUS XI FJI XII NZL XIII

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Cyclone

Wikipedia – Cyclone - Cyclones are characterized by inward-spiralling winds that rotate about a zone of low pressure. The largest low-pressure systems are polar vortices and extratropical cyclones of the largest scale.

LiveTracker~Ert_JPN_Wx_Cyclone

Japanese Meteorological Office Live Tropical Cyclone Tracker

Tropical Cyclone – LiveTracker webpage

Ert_IRL_T02024_DEC_07_WX Storm Darragh

Met Eireann Red Warning – the wind at my home in Cork wasn’t too bad, it broke a piece of furniture I hadn’t weather protected. Timber back of carpenters bench, 50cmx40cmx1cm plywood vertical facing ripped off from the vibration. The wind has knocked the wooden fence between my house and next door a number of times. A new fence was erected this year and seems undamaged so far. (Oh, it’s red and white because Ireland had no fatalities!!! Well done Ireland.)

Oh, why did I say seen at 07:40am, well, I was looking for the chart on the Met Eireann site from midnight and at 06:01am it still hadn’t been posted. And I checked again at 07:40am.

Ert_IRL_T02024_12_06 MetEireann Storm Darragh has been named (6th – 7th December 2024)

NewsFlare video Millions Urged to Stay Indoors as Storm Darragh Batters UK and Ireland Fergus Sweeney

Ert_IND_T02024_NOV_30 Flooding Cyclone Fengal

GBR_TheGuardian Three dead as rains lash south east India after Cyclone Fengal landfall

Ert_CAN_USA_T02024_NOV_20 Bomb Cyclone

CAN_NationalPost Bomb cyclone in B.C.: Hurricane-force winds slam into province, thousands without power 20 Nov 2024

USA_Newsweek Satellite Images Show Scale of ‘Bomb Cyclone’ Hitting US West Coast 20 Nov 2024

CAN_CoastReporter Bomb cyclone batters B.C. with hurricane-force winds, cutting roads and power 20 Nov 2024

Ert_IND_T02024_OCT_24_Wx_Cyc Cyclone Dana

Ert_EUR_T02024_SEP_15_Wx_Cyc Cyclone Boris

Wikipedia – Storm Boris – 2024 Central European Floods

T02024_SEP_20 Storm Boris forces thousands in Europe to flee flooding as King Charles expresses ‘profound sadness’ Rachel Hagan 3 hours ago

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Hurricane

Wikipedia – Atlantic Hurricane – a tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean. The USA National Hurricane Center is responsible for the region.

Wikipedia – Pacific Hurricane – a tropical cyclone that forms west of 100°W to the International Date Line in the Northern Hemisphere. The USA National Hurricane Center is responsible for the region east of 140°W, while the USA Central Pacific Hurricane Center is responsible for storms forming west of 140°W to the International Date Line.

USA Hurricanes – Highest Fatalities

2000s

T02017 Maria
≅ 2,981 fatalities

T02005 Katrina
≅ 1,392 fatalities

1900s

T01928 “Okeechobee”
≅ 2,823 fatalities

T01919 “Florida Keys”
≅ 745 fatalities

T01900 “Galveston”
≅ 10,000 fatalities

1800s

T01899 “San Ciriaco”
≅ 3,400 fatalities

T01893 “Cheniere Caminada”
≅ 2,000 fatalities

T01893 “Sea Islands”
≅ 1,500 fatalities

T01881 “Georgia”
≅ 700 fatalities

T01875 “Indianola”
≅ 771 fatalities

Ert_USA_Wx_Hur CBS News Top 10 deadliest hurricanes in U.S. history By Gina Martinez Updated on: October 9, 2024 / 9:35 PM EDT

USA September 1900 Category Ert_Wx05 Galveston Hurricane (wiki) – ≅ 8,000 fatalities.
“Most of these deaths occurred in and near Galveston, Texas, after the storm surge inundated the coastline and the island city with 8 to 12 ft (2.4 to 3.7 m) of water.” ”In response to the storm, three engineers designed and oversaw plans to raise the Gulf of Mexico shoreline of Galveston Island by 17 ft (5.2 m) and erect a 10 mi (16 km) seawall.”

USA September 1928 Category Ert_Wx05 Okeechobee Hurricane (wiki) – ≅ 2,500 fatalities.
“In the city, more than 1,711 homes were destroyed; the effects were most severe around Lake Okeechobee. The storm surge caused water to pour out of the southern edge of the lake, flooding hundreds of square miles to depths as great as 20 feet (6.1 m). Numerous houses and buildings were swept away in the cities of Belle Glade, Canal Point, Chosen, Pahokee, and South Bay, Florida. At least 2,500 people drowned, while damage was estimated at $25 million.”

USA August 2005 Category Ert_Wx05 Hurricane Katrina (wiki) – 1,392 fatalities.
“A June 2007 report by the American Society of Civil Engineers indicated that two-thirds of the flooding was caused by the multiple failures of the city’s floodwalls. The storm surge also devastated the coasts of Mississippi and Alabama, making Katrina one of the most destructive hurricanes, the costliest natural disaster in the history of the United States (tied with Hurricane Harvey in 2017), and the deadliest hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane.”

USA August 2017 Category Ert_Wx04 Hurricane Harvey (wiki) – 107 fatalities.
“The Louisiana National Guard prepared about 500,000 sandbags and emergency boats and high-water-rescue vehicles were placed on standby should flooding occur. In New Orleans, there were concerns about whether or not the city’s drainage system could handle a heavy rainfall event, with only 105 of the 120 water pumps being operational and some power turbines being out of service.”

USA NOAA
National Hurricane Center and
Central Pacific Hurricane Center

2024 Tropical Cyclone Advisory Archive

USA – National Hurricane Center
Active Tropical Cyclones Maps

Atlantic

Eastern Pacific

Central Pacific

T02024 Hurricanes
Ert_T02024_Nov_21_MUS_Wx_Storm Bheki Mauritius
Ert_T02024_NOV_01_PAN_CRI_NIC_COL_JAM_CYM_CUB_USA_Wx_Hur03 Hurricane Raphael

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Rafael_(2024)

USA_NOAA Hurricane2024 Raphael

IRL_IrishExaminer Hurricane Raphael strengthens to powerful Category 3 storm as it heads to Cuba Wed, 06 Nov, 2024 – 21:25 Andrea Rodriguez, Associated Press “Cubans have already been struggling with blackouts while recovering from another hurricane two weeks ago that killed at least six people in the eastern part of the island.”

Ert_USA_T02024_OCT_Wx_Hur05 Hurricane Milton

World Meteorological Organisation Instagram Milton over Yucatan Weather Warning Video Hurricane Milton

USA National Weather Service Hurricane MILTON Advisory Archive Graphics Archive

T02024_OCT_11 https://www.naplesgov.com/hurricane/page/hurricane-milton-updates-and-alerts

BBC Live View Hurricane Milton

T02024_OCT_09 at 10:10 One death, 97references. Fifth in lowest pressure in recorded data. 897hPa. Hurricane Milton – Wikipedia Colman’s comment: Ok, boys and girls, for reference, my brass barometer only goes down as far as 940hPa.

GBR_TheDailyMail PhotoStory The aftermath of Florida’s beachside paradise after hurricane Milton By Greg Woodfield In Anna Maria, Florida, For Dailymail.Com Published: 11:45, 17 October 2024 | Updated: 11:45, 17 October 2024

IRL_TheExaminer Time to evacuate running out as Hurricane Milton closes in on Florida Wed, 09 Oct, 2024 – 09:21 Terry Spencer and Haven Daley, AP

GBR_SkyNews Hurricane Milton: Florida braces for storm’s landfall with huge evacuation under way

BBC Follow live coverage of Hurricane Milton. Watch: Vast size of Hurricane Milton seen from above

Ert_USA_T02024_SEP_Wx_Hur04 Hurricane Helene

Moment mudslide tears through home in North Carolina

T02024_SEP_30 ‘People are just scrambling’ – North Carolina reels from devastating storm BBC Carl Nasman & Brandon Drenon & Kayla Epstein “His town of Weaverville, North Carolina, had no electricity and no power. Only one grocery store was operational, utility poles had gone down, the town’s water plant had flooded and people had been without safe drinking water for four days, he told the BBC.”

Hurricane Helene live updates: 52 dead across the South from catastrophic storm “Helene made landfall in Florida’s Big Bend region Thursday night as a massive Category 4 hurricane — the strongest hurricane to make landfall in the Big Bend on record.” abc News

At least 43 people have died and millions left without power on Friday as Hurricane Helene roared through the south-eastern US. BBC

Ert_USA_T02024_SEP_12_Wx_Hur04 Hurricane Francine

T02024_SEP_Hur Hurricane Francine News summary

Hurricane Francine Updates ABC News
T02024_09_12_2027A Latest headlines: 8 minutes ago Latest forecast 1 hour and 6 minutes ago No fatalities reported in Louisiana 3 hours and 41 minutes ago Over 340,000 without power in Louisiana “Francine — the strongest hurricane to make landfall in the continental U.S. so far this season — dropped nearly 10 inches of rain in Covington, Louisiana, and more than 8 inches in New Orleans.” (Colman’s comment: 10 inches of rain = 25cm, now fill the bath to 25 cm, open the plug and wait for all of that to flow down the plughole. Now, that’s how much fell in your back yard and it was that deep. Drains are nice aren’t they.)

T02024_09_12_2255A
https://www.eoincolfer.com/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoin_Colfer

Ert_USA_T02024_JUL_Hur Hurricane Beryl Hurricanes are intensifying rapidly – this is what it could mean by Lucy Sherriff BBC News
“Hurricane Beryl, a category five storm, is the first hurricane of 2024 and the earliest category five storm in the Atlantic ever recorded by the US’s National Hurricane Center.”
“When wind speeds reach 74mph (119km/h), they’re classed as a hurricane or cyclone.”

T02023 Pacific Hurricane Season (wiki)
T02023 Category Ert_Wx_Hur05 Hurricane Otis

Extent of Hurricane Otis’ impact around Acapulco, Mexico, remains unclear amid widespread communications outages
By Elizabeth Wolfe, CNN Published 7:07 AM EDT, Thu October 26, 2023
Hurricane Otis: The mystery of why storms suddenly intensify
BBC Future By Isabelle Gerretsen and Jocelyn Timperley 26th October 2023

Ert_IND_BGD_MMR_T02023_MAY_Wx Cyclone Mocha WMO UNHCR Request – Early Warnings For All.

BBCNews Cyclone Mocha death toll rises sharply in Myanmar 19 May 2023

At least 145 people are now known to have been killed in Myanmar (Burma) by a powerful cyclone, the country’s military rulers have said. — With winds of up to 209 km/h (130mph), Mocha – a category five storm – battered the Rakhine state, in western Myanmar, as well as the regions of Sagaing and Magway. — Mocha came 15 years after one of Asia’s deadliest cyclones, Nargis, smashed into Myanmar’s Irrawaddy Delta and claimed 140,000 lives. To quote Luna Lovegood… “I see Nargles.” Luna Lovegood is a fictional character in the Harry Potter series of novels by J. K. Rowling. She first appears in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. She is portrayed by Evanna Lynch in the Harry Potter films. (She’s Irish, I think I danced with her at a kayak disco once in Lahinch. We both danced beautifully, some stopped and watched us dance.) (It’s actually 10 Dec 2024 and I just read about Nargis and went to see Ms Lynch’s wiki. Thank you for; 2019 The Omission of the Family Coleman, if that was a reference to me? Though, 2017/18 Disco Pigs Sinéad/”Runt”, not funny. Colman)

SkyNews Cyclone Mocha: Before-and-after images show devastation of deadly storm 16 May 2023

BBCNews Cyclone Mocha: Deadly storm hits Myanmar and Bangladesh coasts 15 May 2023

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Tempest

European Weather Forecasters preparing for the eventuality of a larger storm than normally seen in European waters and lands have decided that if one of large enough windspeed, without name from the Caribbean, USA or Canada arrives that it will be called a Tempest. The largest storms we currently see in Ireland are normally remnants of Hurricanes from the Caribbean and USA.

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Tropical Cyclone

Wikipedia – Outline of Tropical Cyclones – A very comprehensive article.

World Meteorological Organisation – Tropical Cyclone Operational Plans
2025 Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South Pacific and South-East Indian Ocean including a very nice glossary

Extreme Hazards List Graphical Lists

Typhoon – Taifun

Wikipedia – Typhoon – a tropical cyclone that forms between the International Date Line and 100°E in the Northern Hemisphere. The main RSMC for this region is the Japan Meteorological Agency.

Ert_TWN_T02024_OCT_01 Super Typhoon Krathon

https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/philippines-taiwan-tropical-cyclone-krathon-update-gdacs-jtwc-ndrrmc-cwa-noaa-cpc-media-echo-daily-flash-01-october-2024

Thousands evacuated as Super Typhoon Krathon approaches Taiwan RTE 01_Oct

Ert_JPN_CHN_T02024_SEP_12 Typhoon Bebinca

T02024_09_12 Taifun-Bebinca by Reto Vögeli 12.09.2024 10:53 Swiss MeteoNews
“The storm will move in a north-westerly direction over the next few hours and days at a speed of just under 30 km/h. It may gradually intensify further. The storm is expected to reach typhoon status as early as tomorrow Friday.” Taifun Yagi Taifun Shanshan (Colman’s Comment: Entschuldigung, die artikel, sie sind in Deutsch) Swiss MeteoNews

Ert_JPN_T02024_09_12 Typhoon Bebinca may approach Japan’s Okinawa, Amami over weekend Kyodo News 9 hours ago – 19:42

“As of 6 p.m., the typhoon was moving north-northwest at around 25 kilometers per hour, east of the Philippines, with winds of up to 126 kph and an atmospheric pressure at 990 hectopascals at its center, according to the agency.”

Current Forecast map

Alphabetical Index of Agreed standards, Chemistry and Definitions.

Sol-Earth Extreme Hazards Graphical Lists

Extreme Hazards Index

??? – A – B – C – D – E – F – G – H – I – J – K – L – M – N

O – P – Q – R – S – T – U – V – W – X – Y – Z

Symbols Index

☣ – Biohazard

☠ – Poisonous

☢ – Radioactive

NATO lettering system

A is for Alfa Index

Antarctic Ice loss Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century by Kaitlin A. Naughten, Paul R. Holland & Jan De Rydt Nature.com Climate Change Published: 23 October 2023 Cite this article

Arctic Ice loss

Asteroid impact (Small 1-3) Chelyabinsk meteor ≅ ⌀ 20 meters Tunguska event ≅ ⌀ 65 meters. (LARGE 4-5) Chicxulub asteroid ≅ ⌀ 10 kilometers

B is for Bravo Index

Biodiversity loss

Bloop The – 1990s icequake from Antarctica NASA What is the Bloop

C is for Charlie Index

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon monoxide

Catastrophic Immediate Climate Change

Climate change

Cyclone

D is for Delta Index

Degree of Damage

Desertification

Disease

Drought

E is for Echo Index

Extinction Level Event

F is for Foxtrot Index

Famine

Flash

Flooding

Fossil Fuels

Fujita Scale – Measurement of Tornado size

G is for Golf Index

Gaia killer

Gases

Geomagnetic Storm Scale USA_NOAA https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation

Glacier loss

H is for Hotel Index

Heat

Heat pollution

Hurricane

Hydrogeology

I is for India Index

Icequake – Seismic sound originating from cracking of an ice sheet – NASA What is the Bloop

Indium Soft metal famous as being contained in the asteroid which allegedly wiped out the dinosaurs Wikipedia See Asteroid

J is for Juliette Index

Jurassic

K is for Kilo Index

Killer Asteroid

L is for Lima Index

Lake size reduction

Lake salination

Landslide

M is for Mike Index

Mudslide

N is for November Index

Nitrogen Dioxide

Nuclear energy

Nuclear weapons

O is for Oscar Index

Ozone

Ozone effecting chemicals

Ozone layer

P is for Papa Index

Particulate solids

Pollution

Q is for Quebec Index

Quill Wikipedia

R is for Romeo Index

Radioactive contamination

River sedimentation

S is for Sierra Index

Sea level rise

Sedimentation

Soil erosion

Soil salination

Severe rain

Smoke and Ash

Sneed Tornado USA Arkansas Little Rock, AR – The F5 Tornado of April 10, 1929

Sulphur Dioxide

T is for Tango Index

Tempest

Tornado See Fujita Scale

Tropical Cyclone

Typhoon

U is for Uniform Index

Ultimatum

V is for Victor Index

Volcanic Explosive Index

W is for Whiskey Index

War

Weather

Weather systems

Wind blown land salts

Wind blown radioactive salts

Wind blown sea salt (NaCl)

Wind erosion

X is for Xray Index

X-rays

Y is for Yankee Index

Yellow fever

Z is for Zulu Index

Zebra