Colman’s Web Library

Adventure – Archaeology – Astronomy – Diving – Sailing – Space – Volcanoes

Button to Menu – Volcanoes Glossary of Terms – Started 28 Apr 2023

Button to Menu – Volcanoes Listed by Country – Build in progress 01 Sep 2024

Adventure

Adventure – Archaeology – Astronomy – Diving – Sailing – Space – Volcanoes

“Curiosity starts with a sense of Adventure.” Colman

Quentin Tarantino Reveals His Top 20 Films of the 21st Century
Umberto Gonzalez 03 December 2025

Ert_GTM Guatemala Mayan Ruins https://uncoveredhistory.com/guatemala/tikal/

Ert_GBR_T02024 Magic Circle tries to track down first female member – who posed as a man

Ert_GRC_T02007 Greece Archaeological Tourism Website

Ert_IRL_T02007 Guide to the National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology

The influence of the Irish during polar explorations The Irish Emigration Museum

Project Gutenberg is a library of over 70,000 free eBooks

Project Gutenberg Search “Adventure“

Project Gutenberg How to swim : A practical manual of swimming by a practical swimmer and a guide Author: James H. Sterrett (book_1917)

Project Gutenberg A TRVE & EXACT HISTORY Of the Island of BARBADOS Author: Richard Ligon (book_1657)

Project Gutenberg Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus
Author: Mary W. Shelley (book_1831) (ScienceFiction)

Project Gutenberg Twenty years around the world Author: John Guy Vassar (book_1839) (Question: Did it take Jules Verne 80 days to read it? Colman)

Project Gutenberg Selkirk and Starboard – THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF ALEXANDER SELKIRK, THE REAL ROBINSON CRUSOE. Author: John Howell (book_1841)

Project Gutenberg How he won her A sequel to “fair play.” Author: Emma Dorothy Eliza Nevitte Southworth (book_1869) (romance)

Project Gutenberg SOUTH AUSTRALIA AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA Author: Anthony Trollope (book_1874)

Project Gutenberg A THOUSAND MILES UP THE NILE Author: Amelia B. Edwards (book_1877)

Project Gutenberg She Author: H. Rider Haggard (book_1886)

Project Gutenberg THE LEGENDS AND MYTHS OF HAWAII: The fables and folklore of a strange people. Author: His Hawaiian Majesty Kalakaua (David Kalakaua) Editor: Rollin Mallory Daggett Late United States Minister to the Hawaiian Islands. (book_1888)

Project Gutenberg The Cat of Bubastes A Tale of Ancient Egypt Author: G. A. Henty (book_1888)

Project Gutenberg The story of Santa Klaus: Told for children of all ages from six to sixty Author: William S. Walsh (book_1889) (Illustrated)

Project Gutenberg Korean Tales Being a collection of stories translated from the Korean folk lore Author: Horace Newton Allen (book_1889)

Project Gutenberg Egyptian decorative art A course of lectures delivered at the Royal Institution Author: W. M. Flinders Petrie D.C.L. EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON (book_1895)

Project Gutenberg Marooned on Australia : being the narration by Diedrich Buys of his discoveries and exploits in Terra Australis Incognita about the year 1630 Author: Ernest Favenc (book_1896) NZL National library record

Project Gutenberg The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus Author: L. Frank Baum (book_1902)

Project Gutenberg Ancient calendars and constellations Author: Emmeline Mary Plunket (book_1903)

Project Gutenberg The Riddle Of The Sands Author: Erskine Childers (book_1903)

Project Gutenberg Harness making Author: Paul N. Hasluck (book_1904) (leatherwork)

Project Gutenberg Ayesha: The Further History of She-Who-Must-Be-Obeyed Author: H. Rider Haggard (book_1905)

Project Gutenberg The Story of the Congo Free State Racial, Political, and Economic Aspects of the Belgian System of Government in Central Africa Author: Henry Wellington Wack (book_1905) (Zaire DRC Congo-Kinshasa)

Project Gutenberg Arctic exploration Author: Douglas Hoare (book_1906)

Project Gutenberg MOTOR-CAR PRINCIPLES THE GASOLINE AUTOMOBILE Author: Roger B. Whitman (book_1907)

Project Gutenberg OZMA OF OZ A Record of Her Adventures with Dorothy Gale of
Kansas, the Yellow Hen, the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, Tiktok, the Cowardly Lion and
the Hungry Tiger; Besides Other Good People too Numerous to Mention Faithfully Recorded Herein Author: L. Frank Baum Illustrator: John R. Neill (book_1907)

Project Gutenberg Peeps at many lands: Wales Author: E. M. Wilmot-Buxton (book_1911)

Project Gutenberg Adventure Author: Jack London (book_1911)

Project Gutenberg The World’s Greatest Military Spies and Secret Service Agents Author: George Barton (book_1917)

Project Gutenberg The Mary Frances Knitting and Crocheting Book or Adventures Among the Knitting People Author: Jane Eayre Fryer Illustrator: Jane Allen Boyer (book_1918)

Project Gutenberg KING ARTHUR and the Knights of the Round Table Edited: Rupert S. Holland (book_1919)

Project Gutenberg Two Colored Women with the American Expeditionary Forces Authors: Addie W. Hunton, Kathryn M. Johnson (book_1920) (WW_ONE WW1)

Project Gutenberg OLD CAPE COD THE LAND: THE MEN THE SEA Author: Mary Rogers Bangs (book_1920)

Project Gutenberg The Outdoor Girls in the Saddle or The Girl Miner of Gold Run Author: Laura Lee Hope (book_1922)

Project Gutenberg Afrikan viimeinen kuningas (The Last King of Africa) Author: John Buchan (book_1926) (Finnish) (I presume where the game “Afrikan tähti” (wiki) came from? Colman)

Project Gutenberg Tarzan and the lost empire Author: Edgar Rice Burroughs Illustrator: Frank Frazetta (book_1929)

Project Gutenberg The Stainless Steel Rat Author: Harry Harrison (book_1961)

Project Gutenberg The big four Author: Agatha Christie (book_1972) (Poirot) (detective)

Archaeology

Adventure – Archaeology – Astronomy – Diving – Sailing – Space – Volcanoes

https://roaringwaterjournal.com/

Ballyrisode – fulacht fia – Discovering a new bronze age site on the mizen

Archeologists just unearthed an impressive group of treasures in an unlikely place (msn.com)

Mathematics Magazine Yupana the Fibonacci Number Grid Based Calculator of Inka Empire by Liliana Usvat

News – Intact Thracian Temple Found in Bulgaria – Archaeology Magazine

Ert_IRL_T02024_SEP_22 RTE News Instagram Today marked the 14th annual commemoration for three ships belonging to the Spanish Armada which sank at Streedagh Beach in Co Sligo in 1588. The sinking killed over 1,100 Spaniards.

Recent Archaeological Discoveries on National Road Schemes 2004 Dáire O’Rourke Page 8 seems to be missing? Westport? Really ?

Astronomy

Colman’s Album of Astronomy Photographs

Lunar Eclipse T02024_SEP_18 https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/lunar/2024-september-18
Beautiful night in Cork, clear skies, amazing definition of the Earth’s shadow in the lunar surface.

LIVE: Partial Lunar Eclipse – September 17–18, 2024
YouTube TimeandDate.com Three (3) hrs from all over the world. I saw it from outside my front door.

Diving

Adventure – Archaeology – Astronomy – Diving – Sailing – Space – Volcanoes

Ert_IRL_T02024_SEP_22 The Irish Examiner As wrecks go, the Lusitania is second only to the Titanic in terms of fame and tragedy. Diving photos from 92 meters depth

We did start with… Boyle and PV/T leading to PV=nRT, it’s a bit of a leap for everyone else… to a scientific basis of…

1984 – NEWTSUIT – R. T. “Phil” Nuytten (Canadian)

Sailing

Adventure – Archaeology – Astronomy – Diving – Sailing – Space – Volcanoes

https://afloat.ie/blogs/sailing-saturday-with-wm-nixon/item/41603-how-military-principles-helped-the-defence-forces-win-in-sailing-in-2018

On 15 January I was called to a special meeting in the Carrigaline Court Hotel. Our then Minister for Defence, Simon Coveney; Defence Forces Chief of Staff, Vice Admiral Mark Mellett; and key personnel from the Royal Cork Yacht Club and Kinsale Yacht Club – headed by Kieran O’Connell, chair of Volvo Cork Week 2016 – had assembled to plan a new event to be called the Beaufort Cup, named in honour of Sir Francis Beaufort, creator of the Beaufort wind force scale.

I would learn at that meeting of the goal to assemble 10 yachts, with military or emergency service crews, to compete in this new multi-race event for Cork Week. However, many present felt that given the relatively short notice – only six months – we would be doing well enough to recruit three boats to constitute a class. (You want me to do what? In six months? Do you have any of their phone numbers and can I use your headed letter paper? – See Minister, all you do is ask. – That wasn’t an order? – No, if it was, he would have asked for my headed letter paper and an office in my building.)

One of the first teams to commit to the event were the Royal Engineers, and I will be forever grateful to them for their support at such a formative stage of the cup’s development. They gave momentum to our cause, as by the time of the event we had 12 top-class teams competing for the newly commissioned Waterford Crystal Beaufort Cup.

Space

Adventure – Archaeology – Astronomy – Diving – Sailing – Space – Volcanoes

Introduction (Home) Some chapters have three pages. Glossary A-Z

Interview with Mr Sol © 1987 by Robert J. Nemiroff (NASA) http://solar-center.stanford.edu/

Volcanoes

Adventure – Archaeology – Astronomy – Diving – Sailing – Space – Volcanoes

Anything that can go wrong, will go wrong. (Bring spare batteries. Colman)

Button to Menu – Volcanoes Glossary of Terms – Started 28 Apr 2023

Button to Menu – Volcanoes Listed by Country – Build in progress 01 Sep 2024

• Project Gutenberg.org Search Volcanoes
• Geological Survey Ireland Volcanoes
• British Geological Survey Volcanoes, how they form
• United States Geological Survey About Volcanoes
• Wikipedia Volcano
• Encyclopaedia Britannica Volcano
• National Geographic Volcanoes
• USA Smithsonian Institute – Search Volcano
• USA – Smithsonian Institute – National Museum of Natural History Global Volcanism Project – Countries with Holocene Volcanoes
• List of World Volcanoes Volcanoes of the World | John Seach VolcanoLive.com
• University of Manchester World’s 10 most dangerous volcanoes identified 13 Nov 2015 Number One (1) Iwo Jima, Japan. Candidate for a very large eruption. Affected: Japan, Philippines, coastal China
• BBC World service – Postmark Africa Africa’s Violent Volcanoes Educational audio article 1999 duration 29 mins
• Coral Reefs; Volcanic Islands; South American Geology — Complete by Charles Darwin Project Gutenberg – No date of original publication ” the last proof-sheet of the book was not corrected till May 6th, 1842.” Haven’t read it yet.
• Volcanology and Geothermal Energy
  Wohletz, Kenneth, and Grant Heiken. 
  Berkeley:  University of California Press,  1992.
  http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft6v19p151/
  Excellent book, no mention of asteroid or comet strikes as possible mechanisms of creation of volcanoes. Distribution of energy in an asteroid strike into magma having the same shape and pattern as: a bullet strike in a human. Why? The damage done is the distribution of the kinetic energy as thermal and friction damage. Shape, size, speed, density, angle of impact etc.
• Volcanoes by Robert I. Tilling Project Gutenberg
  U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1996 421-281

Guatemala

Visit the Volcanoes of Guatemala : treks and tours

University of SanDiego https://igppweb.ucsd.edu/~gabi/sio15/lectures/ 2018 SIO15 Natural Disasters Twenty Seven (27) Lectures To be read

Some Examples of Volcanoes and their Eruptions

The A.D. 79 Eruption at Mt. Vesuvius eyewitness account Pliny the Younger

University of Edinburgh – School of Geosciences Undergraduate Course: Volcanoes, Environment and People (GEGR10103) (Year 3)

1. Arnalds, O. (2015) The Soils of Iceland. World Soils Book Series. Springer, Dordrecht. pp 183.
   http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.is.ed.ac.uk/book/10.1007%2F978-94-017-9621-7
2. Heiken, G. (2013) Dangerous Neighbours: Volcanoes and Cities. Cambridge University Press. http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023%2FB%3AJOPL.0000013284.21726.3d.pdf
3. Marti, J. and Enrst G.G.J. (2008) Volcanoes and Environment. Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.is.ed.ac.uk/10.1017/CBO9780511614767
4. Scarth, A. (2009) Vesuvius: a biography. Terra Publishing, Harpenden.
5. Scarth, A. (2002) La catastrophe: Mount Peleże and the destruction of Saint-Pierre, Martinique. Terra Publishing, Harpenden.
6. Scarth, A. (1999) Vulcanżs Fury. Yale University Press, London.
7. Scmidt, A. et al (2015) Volcanism and Global Environmental Change. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, pp 339.
   http://ebooks.cambridge.org.ezproxy.is.ed.ac.uk/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9781107415683
8. Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B., McNutt S.R., Rymer H. and Stix, J. (2000) Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. Academic Press, San Diego.

Volcanoes – Lists by Country (United Nations membership names)

Build resumed 01 Sep 2024

A – B – C – D – E – F – G – H – I – J – K – L – M – N

O – P – Q – R – S – T – U – V – W – X – Y – Z

ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes are three-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. Ireland = IRL

A is for Apple – Back to Country List Menu

Afghanistan – Albania – Algeria – Andorra – Angola – (Antarctica) – Antigua and Barbuda – Argentina – Armenia – Australia – Austria – Azerbaijan– Colman’s Source Library

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B is for Bear – Back to Country List Menu

Bahamas – Bahrain – Bangladesh – Barbados – Belarus – Belgium – Belize – Benin – Bhutan – Bolivia (Plurinational State of) – Bosnia and Herzegovina – Botswana – Brazil – Brunei Darussalam – Bulgaria – Burkino Faso – Burundi – Colman’s Source Library

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C is for Calamity Jane – Back to Country List Menu

Cabo Verde (<Praia>)- Cambodia – Cameroon – Canada – Central African Republic – Chad – Chile – China – Columbia – Comoros – Congo (Brazzaville)- Costa Rica – Côte D’Ivoire – Croatia – Cuba – Cyprus – Czechia (<Congo (Kinshasa/Zaire): refers to Democratic Republic of the Congo>) – Colman’s Source Library

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D is for Disaster – Back to Country List Menu

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (<North Korea>)- Democratic Republic of the Congo (<Congo Zaire>)- Denmark – Djibouti – Dominica (<Roseau>)- Dominican Republic (<Santo Domingo>) – Colman’s Source Library

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E is for Emergency – Back to Country List Menu

Ecuador – Egypt – El Salvador – Equatorial Guinea (<Malabo>) – Eritrea – Estonia – Eswatini (Swaziland) – Ethiopia – Colman’s Source Library

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F is for Floor – Back to Country List Menu

Fiji – Finland – France – Colman’s Source Library

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G is for Guidance – Back to Country List Menu

Gabon – Gambia (Republic of The) – Georgia – Germany – Ghana – Greece – Grenada – Guatemala – Guinea (<Conakry>) – Guinea Bissau – Guyana (<Georgetown>) – Colman’s Source Library

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H is for Holocene – Back to Country List Menu

Haiti – Honduras – Hungary – Colman’s Source Library

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I is for Indium – Back to Country List Menu

Iceland – India – Indonesia – Iran (Islamic Republic of) – Iraq – Ireland – Israel – Italy (<Ivory Coast: refers to Côte D’Ivoire>) – Colman’s Source Library

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J is for Jericho – Back to Country List Menu

Jamaica – Japan – Jordan – Colman’s Source Library

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K is for Kilogram – Back to Country List Menu

Kazakhstan – Kenya – Kiribati – Kuwait – Kyrgyzstan (<Korea, North: refers to Democratic People’s Republic of Korea>) (<Korea, South: refers to Republic of Korea>) – Colman’s Source Library

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L is for Liberated – Back to Country List Menu

Lao People’s Democratic Republic (<Laos>) – Latvia – Lebanon – Lesotho – Liberia – Libya – Liechtenstein – Lithuania – Luxembourg – Colman’s Source Library

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M is for Mission – Back to Country List Menu

Madagascar – Malawi – Malaysia – Maldives – Mali – Malta – Marshall Islands – Mauritania – Mauritius – Mexico – Micronesia (Federated States of) – Monaco – Mongolia – Montenegro – Morocco – Mozambique – Myanmar (<Moldova: refers to Republic of Moldova>) – Colman’s Source Library

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N is for Not in my lifetime – Back to Country List Menu

Namibia – Nauru – Nepal – Netherlands – New Zealand – Nicaragua – Niger – Nigeria – North Macedonia – Norway (<North Korea: refers to Democratic People’s Republic of Korea>) – Colman’s Source Library

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O is for Outer Space – Back to Country List Menu

Oman – Colman’s Source Library

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P is for Prehistoric – Back to Country List Menu

Pakistan – Palau – Panama – Papua New Guinea – Paraguay – Peru – Philippines – Poland – Portugal – Colman’s Source Library

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Q is for Quaternity – Back to Country List Menu

Qatar – Colman’s Source Library

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R is for Reserved – Back to Country List Menu

Republic of Korea – Republic of Moldova – Romania – Russian Federation – Rwanda – Colman’s Source Library

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S is for Survival – Back to Country List Menu

Saint Kitts and Nevis – Saint Lucia – Saint Vincent and the Grenadines – Samoa – San Marino – Sao Tome and Principe – Saudi Arabia – Senegal – Serbia – Seychelles – Sierra Leone – Singapore – Slovakia – Slovenia – Solomon Islands – Somalia – South Africa – South Sudan – Spain – Sri Lanka – Sudan – Suriname – Sweden – Switzerland – Syrian Arab Republic (<South Korea: refers to Republic of Korea>) (<Swaziland: refers to Eswatini>)– Colman’s Source Library

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T is for Tertiary Adjunct – Back to Country List Menu

Tajikistan – Thailand – Timor-Leste – Togo – Tonga – Trinidad and Tobago – Tunisia – Türkiye – Turkmenistan – Tuvalu (<Tanzania: refers to United Republic of Tanzania>) – Colman’s Source Library

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U is for Universal – Back to Country List Menu

Uganda – Ukraine – United Arab Emirates – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – United Republic of Tanzania – United States of America – Uruguay – Uzbekistan – Colman’s Source Library

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V is for Vector – Back to Country List Menu

Vanuatu – Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of – Viet Nam – Colman’s Source Library

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W is for Wednesday – Back to Country List Menu

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X is for Xylophone – Back to Country List Menu

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Y is for Yellowstone National Park – Back to Country List Menu

Yemen – Colman’s Source Library

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Z is for Zulu Dawn – Back to Country List Menu

Zambia – Zimbabwe – Colman’s Source Library

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Adventure – Archaeology – Astronomy – Diving – Sailing – Space – Volcanoes

Glossary of Terms – Volcanoes

Button to Menu – Volcanoes Listed by Country

USA – USGS Glossary of Volcanic terms

USA – PBS.org Glossary of Volcanic terms

USA – Alaska Volcano Observatory Glossary of Volcanic terms

A is for Apple – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

Alert Systems – VolcanoLive.com John Seach – Volcano Warning Systems – Various Countries

• Chile – Volcano Alert System – Explanation page
• New Zealand – Volcanic Alert Levels
• USA – USGS National Volcano Early Warning System – monitoring volcanoes according to their threat By Volcano Hazards Program This is why the “Was this page useful system was invented. No. – Fix it please?

Aster Volcano Archive

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B is for Bear – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

BBC Science Focus.com Search Volcano

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C is for Calamity Jane – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

Cataclysmic Volcanic Eruption VEI Five (5) Volume of erupted material >1km^3.

Central Andes

Colossal Volcanic Eruption VEI SIX (6)
Volume of erupted material >10km^3.

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D is for Disaster – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

Deaths – Vulcanologists Journal of Applied Volcanology Table 7 Incidents in which volcanologists or field scientists died – Smithsonian Institute

Decade Volcanoes Wikipedia – List The Decade Volcanoes are 16 volcanoes identified by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI) as being worthy of particular study in light of their history of large, destructive eruptions and proximity to densely populated areas.” They are named Decade Volcanoes because the project was initiated in the 1990s as part of the United Nations sponsored International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. Note: VolcanoCafe.org a relatively short lived website proposed in 2015 a New Decade Volcano Program: there is a list of their thoughts on the Worlds 10 most dangerous volcanoes there.

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E is for Emergency – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

Effusive Volcanic Eruption VEI Zero (0)
Consists of Volume of erupted material < (less than) 10⁴ (100,000) meters^3(cubed).

Explosive Volcanic Eruption VEI Two (2)
Volume of erupted material >(greater than) 10⁶ (10million) metres^3 (cubed).

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F is for Floor – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

Fissure In geology, a fissure is a fracture or crack in rock along which there is a distinct separation; fissures are often filled with mineral-bearing materials. On volcanoes, a fissure is an elongate fracture or crack at the surface from which lava erupts. USGS

Fumaroles are vents from which volcanic gas escapes into the atmosphere. Fumaroles may occur along tiny cracks or long fissures, in chaotic clusters or fields, and on the surfaces of lava flows and thick deposits of pyroclastic flows. USGS

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G is for Guidance – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

GeoNames.org – Enter Volcano in the Search 1,072 volcanoes.

Geologic Time Scale – (USGS Diagram)

Gentle Volcanic Eruption VEI One (1)
Volume of erupted material >(greater than) 10⁴ (100,000) meters^3 (cubed).

Global Volcanism Project Smithsonian Institute List of all Volcano Sources by Country

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H is for Holocene – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

Holocene (definition USGS) 10,000BC to now, 12,000 years. An argument could be made for a new definition of an Satcene period from 2000AD ongoing to define the current period as that when availability of Satellite information became widely available, Holocene appears to refer to their being identified by having looked in a hole, though not a very deep hole. (definition Wikipedia)

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I is for Indium – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, The (IUGG) is the international organization dedicated to advancing, promoting, and communicating knowledge of the Earth system, its space environment, and the dynamical processes causing change.

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J is for Jericho – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

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K is for Kilogram – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

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L is for Liberated – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

Lahar A volcanic mud flow, normally from a crater lake or reservoir which burst from the top of the volcano (sometimes at high temperature) flooding the areas below the volcano with mud, the solid material being either the local pulverised local lavas and tephra and sometimes with locally deposited ash. (Colman’s definition). See: Advancing Earth and Space Science Blogosphere (Search: Lahar)

List of all Volcano Sources by Country Global Volcanism Project Smithsonian Institute

List of LARGE Volcanic Eruptions – Wikipedia

List of World Volcanoes Volcanoes of the World | John Seach VolcanoLive.com

List of The 10 biggest Earthquakes in the world since 1900 – Volcano Discovery

List of places where Hex basalts are found. (Giants Causeway – columnar jointed volcanics, slow cooled, why? You seen Pele’s hair, annoying stuff isn’t it. Glass contracts on cooling.) Wikipedia

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M is for Mission – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

Mega-colossal Volcanic Eruption – VEI EIGHT (8)
Volume of erupted material >1000km^3.

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N is for Not in my lifetime – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

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O is for Outer Space – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

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P is for Prehistoric – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

Pele’s hair and Pele’s tears article Amusing Planet.com

Pleistocene The Pleistocene (Ice Age) is the geological epoch that lasted from c. 2.58 million to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth’s most recent period of repeated glaciations. Wikipedia (definition USGS)

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Q is for Quaternity – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

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R is for Reserved – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

Radar Interferometry Radar Interferometry is a technique which allows relatively small changes in heights of the land area to be interpreted using two separate radar pictures at different times, thus showing if the land has risen or fallen showing possible build up of magma or expansion/contraction of the underground rock due to heating/cooling. It can also show changes due to ground height movements caused by tectonic (earthquake) activity, ground water saturation and drying. Definition by Colman

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S is for Survival – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

Severe Volcanic Eruption VEI Three (3)
Volume of erupted material > 10⁷metres^3

Sulpher Dioxide (SO2) Windy.com Sol-Earth – SO2 map (It comes out of Volcanoes too. Colman) EPA Ireland Archive of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Monitoring Data EPA “””Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is formed when fuel (mainly coal, peat and oil) containing sulphur is burned at power plants and elsewhere. High concentrations of SO2 can result in temporary breathing impairment for asthmatics. SO2 is a major precursor to acid rain, which is associated with the acidification of soils, lakes, and streams and accelerated corrosion of buildings and monuments.””” UPDATE NEEDED (NASA) The gas is measured in Dobson Units (DU), the number of molecules in a square centimetre (column) of the atmosphere. If you were to compress all of the sulphur dioxide in a column of the atmosphere into a flat layer at standard temperature and pressure (0^o C and 1013.25 hPa), one Dobson Unit would be 0.01 millimetres thick and would contain 0.0285 grams of SO₂ per square meter. “””It is toxic to humans and concentrations as low as 8 ppm (parts per million) will produce coughing (NASA refers to http://mattson.creighton.edu/SO2/SO2_Info.html)”””

Super-Colossal Volcanic Eruption VEI SEVEN (7)
Volume of erupted material >100km^3.

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T is for Tertiary Adjunct – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

Tephra – The solid stuff thrown out from a Volcano. Theoretically Trevor, Sean, and Hannah, in “Journey to the Centre of the Earth” (movie_2008) were tephra when thrown out of the volcano at the end of the movie. Skull ride final scene (3/3) //journey to the centre of earth. YouTube

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U is for Universal – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

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V is for Vector – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

Volcano Live Dr John Seach – Volcano News, Adventure Travel, Photography, Film and Television Production. 38 years of volcano adventures. 23 years on the Internet 2000-2023. The world’s first volcano news and volcano travel website.

Volcanic Explosive Index (VEI) – (USGS Glossary definition and diagram) is a relative measure of the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions. It was devised by Christopher G. Newhall of the United States Geological Survey (USA – USGS) and Stephen Self in 1982. (Wikipedia)

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W is for Wednesday – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

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X is for Xylophone – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

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Y is for Yellowstone National Park – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

Yellowstone National Park USA National Park Service “On March 1, 1872, Yellowstone became the first national park for all to enjoy the unique hydrothermal and geologic features. Within Yellowstone’s 2.2 million acres, visitors have unparalleled opportunities to observe wildlife in an intact ecosystem, explore geothermal areas that contain about half the world’s active geysers, and view geologic wonders like the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River.”

Yellowstone Volcano Oregon State University “Yellowstone National Park rests in a huge caldera. It has been the location of three very large eruptions in the last two million years. The volume of lava erupted from the Yellowstone caldera during these events makes the 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens look extremely small. Because of this, Yellowstone is considered to be one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the United States.” Submitted by admin on Wed, 08/31/2011 – 09:38

Yellowstone Volcano Observatory USA United States Geological Survey

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Z is for Zulu Dawn – Back to Volcanoes Glossary

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